Ocean and coastal indicators: understanding and coping with climate change at the land-sea interface
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Ocean and coastal indicators: understanding and coping with climate change at the land-sea interface Patricia M. Clay 1 & Jennifer Howard 2 & D. Shallin Busch 3 & Lisa L. Colburn 1,4 Amber Himes-Cornell 5 & Steven S. Rumrill 6 & Stephani G. Zador 7 & Roger B. Griffis 4
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Received: 8 August 2017 / Accepted: 5 November 2020/ # This is a U.S. government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply 2020
Abstract
The U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) encompasses approximately 3.4 million square nautical miles of ocean and a coastline of over 12,300 miles. Along with the Great Lakes, this vast area generates ~US 370 billion of U.S. gross domestic product, 617 billion in sales and 2.6 million jobs each year. These ocean and coastal ecosystems also provide many important nonmarket services including subsistence food provisioning, health benefits, shoreline protection, climate regulation, conservation of marine biodiversity, and preservation of cultural heritage. As climatic changes occur, these benefits or ecosystem services may be significantly reduced This article is part of a Special Issue on “National Indicators of Climate Changes, Impacts, and Vulnerabilitys” edited by Anthony C. Janetos and Melissa A. Kenney.
* Patricia M. Clay [email protected]
1
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, 166 Water Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
2
Conservation International, Center for Oceans, 2011 Crystal Drive, Arlington, VA 22202, USA
3
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Ocean Acidification Program, Ocean and Atmospheric Research and Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112, USA
4
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), 1315 East West Hwy, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
5
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy
6
Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Marine Resources Program, 2040 Marine Science Drive, Newport, OR 97365, USA
7
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
Climatic Change
or in some cases enhanced. These services are also under an array of pressures including overexploitation of natural resources, pollution, and land use changes that occur simultaneously in synergistic, multiplicative, or antagonistic ways. This results in direct and indirect impacts that are often unpredictable across spatial and temporal scales. Here, we discuss a set of indicators designed in close collaboration with the U.S. National Climate Indicators System. Tracking the impacts via indicators will be essential to ensure long-term health of the marine environment and sustain the benefits to stakeholders who depend on marine ecosystem services. Keywords Ocean indicators . Coastal indicators . Climate chang
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