On Genes, Gods and Tyrants The Biological Causation of Morality
Our future was with the collective, but our survival was with the individual, and the paradox was killing us everyday. John Le Carre Smiley's People (1979) Since the time of Ancient Greek lyrical poetry, it has been one of man's dreams to explain his own
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		    CAMILO J. CELA-CONDE Dean of the Faculty of Arts, University of Palma, Mallorca
 
 ON GENES, GODS AND TYRANTS The Biological Causation of Morality
 
 Translated by Penelope Lock
 
 D. REIDEL PUBLISHING COMPANY A MEMBER OF THE KLUWER
 
 ACADEMICPUBUSHERSGROUP
 
 DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LANCASTER / TOKYO
 
 Libnry of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
 
 Cela-Conde, Camilo Jose. On genes, gods, and tyrants. Translation of: De genes, dioses y tiranos. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Ethics. 2.Biology-Moral and ethical aspects. BJ58.C4513 1987 171'.7 87-16409 ISBN-13: 978-1-55608-036-4 001: 10.10071978-94-009-3389-7
 
 I.
 
 Title.
 
 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-3389-7
 
 Originally published in Spanish under the title: De genes, dioses y tirano s by Alianza Editorial, Madrid, 1985 Published by D. Reidel Publishing Company, P.O. Box 17,3300 AA Dordrecht, Holland. Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada by Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA 02061, U.S.A. In all other countries, sold and distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, Holland
 
 All Rights Reserved 1987 by D. Reidel Publishing Company. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1987 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilised in any form. or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner ©
 
 To Francisco J. Ayala
 
 Neither in gods, kings nor in courts is the Supreme Saviour The International
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
 
 FOREWORD
 
 IX
 
 CHAPTER 1. Moral levels
 
 1
 
 CHAPTER 2. The Alpha-moral level. In the beginning was Darwin
 
 17
 
 CHAPTER 3. The Beta-moral level: to feel or to reason. The Kantian obstacle
 
 34
 
 CHAPTER 4. The Beta-moral level. The good and the yellow
 
 48
 
 CHAPTER 5. The Beta-moral level: rational preference from Smith to Rawls
 
 73
 
 CHAPTER 6. The Gamma-moral level: genes and tyrants
 
 98
 
 CHAPTER 7. The Delta-moral level: gods and genes
 
 120
 
 CHAPTER 8. Moral progress
 
 132
 
 CHAPTER 9. Adversus liberales: the right to excellence and distributive justice
 
 145
 
 NOTES
 
 166
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 
 180
 
 INDEX OF NAMES
 
 188
 
 INDEX OF SUBJECTS
 
 192 Vll
 
 FOREWORD
 
 Our future was with the collective, but our survival was with the individual, and the paradox was killing us everyday. John Le Carre Smiley's People (1979)
 
 Since the time of Ancient Greek lyrical poetry, it has been one of man's dreams to explain his own conduct. This is the background to all his activities, from literature to speculative philosophy, including those odds and ends which, for want of a better name and more precise boundaries are called "human science". Over the past nine or ten years a new member has been added to this inquisitive family, one which, moreover, claims to be scientific to an extremely high degree: biology. This is in fact a recurrent event, since theses designed to introduce causal biological explanations into the general field of human action had already been fo		
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