Optimization of electro-kinetic process for remediation of soil contaminated with phenanthrene using response surface me
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Optimization of electro-kinetic process for remediation of soil contaminated with phenanthrene using response surface methodology Sudabeh Pourfadakari 1 & Sahand Jorfi 2 & Aliakbar Roudbari 3 & Allahbakhsh Javid 3 & Seyedeh Solmaz Talebi 4 & Seid Kamal Ghadiri 3 & Nader Yousefi 5 Received: 19 April 2020 / Accepted: 11 August 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The objective of this work was to investigate the modification of soil contaminated with phenanthrene (PHE) by electro-kinetic remediation (EKR) process using response surface methodology (RSM). The soil sample was obtained from the subgrades (0–30 cm) of an area close to Shahroud City, Northeast of Iran. The effect of variables such as initial pH, voltage, electrolyte concentration, and reaction time on PHE removal was studied. Based on the results obtained from the central composite design (CCD) experiment, the highest and lowest amount of PHE removal was 97 and 20%, respectively. In this study, the variables A, B, C, AB, AC, and C2 with a p value < 0.05 were significant model terms and the parameter of the lack of fit was not significant (p value = 0.0745). Findings indicated that the “predicted R-squared” of 0.9670 was in reasonable agreement with the “adj R-squared” of 0.9857 and the plot of residual followed a normal distribution and approximately linear. Also, the kinetic rates of the removal PHE by the EKR process best fitted with a first-order kinetic model (R2: 0.926). Results of the investigation of the effective variables showed that in values of pH 3, time of 168 h, voltage of 3 V, and electrolyte concentration of 4 mg/L, the removal efficiency of PHE reached 96.6%. Keywords Phenanthrene . Soil contamination . Electro-kinetic remediation . RSM
Introduction During activity industries, petrochemical, and petroleum, large amounts of organic and inorganic pollutants are released
into the environment (Jahangiri et al. 2019; Mohan et al. 2006). One important class of these compounds is polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). They are hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) that constitute two or more
Responsible Editor: Weiming Zhang * Seid Kamal Ghadiri [email protected]
1
Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
2
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
3
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
4
Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health,Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
5
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
* Nader Yousefi [email protected] Sudabeh Pourfadakari [email protected] Sahand Jorfi [email protected] Aliakbar Roudbari [email protected] All
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