Oxygen technology and conservation
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Oxygen Technology and Conservation
PAUL E . Q U E N E A U
T h e r o l e o f t o n n a g e o x y g e n i n t h e i m p r o v e m e n t of e x t r a c t i v e o p e r a t i o n s i n t h e m i n e r a l s i n d u s t r y i s d i s c u s s e d i n h i s t o r i c a l , t h e o r e t i c a l a n d p r a c t i c a l t e r m s . A d v a n t a g e s of oxyg e n u t i l i z a t i o n in r e s p e c t to c o n s e r v a t i o n o f e l e m e n t s , e n e r g y a n d t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a r e d e m o n s t r a t e d . A l s o c o n s i d e r e d a r e the e c o n o m i c s of o x y g e n g e n e r a t i o n a n d of e f f l u e n t t r e a t m e n t a n d disposal. ].NATURE ordained that the air around u s contain 7 8 . 0 8 p c t n i t r o g e n a n d 2 0 . 9 5 p e t o x y g e n on a d r y v o l u m e b a s i s . T h u s m a n b r e a t h e s gas with a p r e f a b r i c a t e d 3.73 N 2 / O z r a t i o , a n d h i s b o d y i s h a p p y a t a n o x y g e n p a r t i a l p r e s s u r e of 160 m m . W h e n i t i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t h e i s p r o b a b l y o n top of a h i g h m o u n t a i n o r u n d e r n e a t h an o x y g e n t e n t - a n d h e i s s l u g gish i n b o t h c a s e s . T h e e n g i n e e r m u s t a c c e p t t h i s h e w a s c r e a t e d that w a y . T h e s a m e c a n n o t be s a i d f o r the air-breathing chemical r e a c t o r s he b u i l d s - h e c r e a t e s t h e m t h a t w a y . D u r i n g the f i r s t c e n t u r y a n d a h a l f o f t h e industrial r e v o l u t i o n t h i s was i n e v i t a b l e b e c a u s e of e c o n o m i c c o n s t r a i n t . H o w e v e r , t h i s c o n straint vanished long a g o - l o w - c o s t tonnage oxygen technology has been available for t h e past half century. A s one t u r n s b a c k t h e p a g e s of e x t r a c t i v e m e t a l l u r g y history the n a m e Henry B e s s e m e r stands out. A true pioneer, his imagination s o a r e d o v e r t h e h o r i z o n of k n o w l e d g e - h e v i s u a l i z e d t h e f u t u r e a n d b u i l t a r o a d to i t . O t h e r g r e a t n a m e s in e a r l y s t e e l c r o w d around-Kelly, T h o m a s , Siemens, M a r t i n - b u t none i m p i n g e on o u r s u b j e c t w i t h t h e g e n i u s o f B e s s e T h e E x t r a c t i v e M e t a l l u r g y Lecture w a s a u t h o r i z e d in 1 9 5 9 t o p r o v i d e a n o u t standing man in t h e field o f nonferrous metallurgy as a lecturer at t h e a n n u a l AIME m e e t i n g .
PAULE. QUENEAU is Professor of Engineering at Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College. He graduated from Columbia School of Engineering with B.A., B.Se., andE.M. degrees in 1933, studied at Cambridge University, England, as an Evans Fellow and earned the D.Sc. degree at Delft University of Technology, METALLURGICAL
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mer. Thermodynamics a n d kinetics were s t r a n g e r s t o h i m , but h e k n e w t h e d r i v i n g f o r c e o f h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e a n d o x y g e n p o t e n t i
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