Patterns and Correlates of Cervical Cancer Prevention Among Black Immigrant and African American Women in the USA: the R
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Patterns and Correlates of Cervical Cancer Prevention Among Black Immigrant and African American Women in the USA: the Role of Ethnicity and Culture Ann Oyare Amuta-Jimenez 1
&
Gabrielle P. A. Smith 2 & Kyrah K. Brown 3
Accepted: 22 September 2020 # American Association for Cancer Education 2020
Abstract Cervical cancer prevention disparities between Black and White women have been researched extensively, but less is known about disparities among Black subpopulations, despite increased risk, distinct cultures, and rapidly increasing numbers of Black immigrant women to the USA. A 74-item survey was used to conduct a cross-sectional descriptive study. Independent sample t tests, logistic multiple regressions, and chi-square tests were used to carry out all comparative analyses. The survey was administered via Psychdata from January 2020 to February 2020. The final sample included 450 eligible participants (African American women [AAW] = 335; Black immigrant women [BIW] from either West, Central, East Africa, or the Caribbean = 115). Compared to AAW, BIW demonstrated much lower knowledge of cervical cancer, AAW were more likely to visit a gynecologist, and to have had a wellwoman exam every 3 years or less. A greater percentage of BIW reported not getting Pap smear test because they had no symptoms or because they feared bad results while AAW reported not receiving a Pap smear because it was not convenient, they did not trust any doctor/gynecologist, and lacked access to a gynecologist. Doctor and family advising had a much larger effect on cervical screening among BIW compared to AAW. This study provides evidence of crucial differences in CC knowledge, attitudes, and screening behaviors among BIW and AAW. Funding agencies, program planners and evaluators, and health policymakers are encouraged to require disaggregation of Black women in healthcare research to tease out specific ways interventions can be most effective. Keywords Cervical cancer . Health disparities . Black/African American women . Cancer prevention and control . Immigrant health
Introduction Cervical cancer is a significant public health problem that disproportionately impacts Black women. In the USA, Black
* Ann Oyare Amuta-Jimenez [email protected] Gabrielle P. A. Smith [email protected] Kyrah K. Brown [email protected] 1
School of Health Promotion and Kinesiology, Texas Woman’s University, 304 Administration Drive, Denton, TX 76204, USA
2
Department of Psychology and Philosophy, Texas Woman’s University, 304 Administration Drive, Denton, TX 76204, USA
3
Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, 500 W. Nedderman Drive, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
women have a higher risk of developing and dying of cervical cancer (CC) than White women [1], conceivably because they are diagnosed at a later stage and have lower stage-specific survival rates. For example, the current incidence of CC in Black women is 10.3 per 100,000; and 7.2 in White women [1]. The CC mortality rate for Black women is also twice that of White women [1]. Altho
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