Pectin Bioactivity
Many pectins and their hydrolysates or derivatives present a range of biofunctional properties including anticancer, immunostimulation, anti-inflammatory, gastroprotection, antibacterial, or antiadhesive activities. The immunostimulating, antibacterial, a
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Pectin Bioactivity Huihuang Ding and Steve W. Cui
9.1 Introduction Pectin is widely distributed in plants, commonly find in fruits, legumes, oil seeds and tubers. Pectins from different plant origins are important ingredients in processed foods, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, or feed products as binders or texturizing agents. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the generally recognised as safe (GRAS) status for pectin; European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) also stated “there is no safety concern for the use of pectin and amidated pectin as food additives for the general population and that there is no need for a numerical acceptable daily intake” (Akhmedov et al. 2017). As a major type of prebiotics and bioactive polysaccharides, pectins have gained increased interests in the past three decades: numerous studies have been reported for its health promoting functions. Pectins have a wide range of bioactivities, such as anti-cancer, immune enhancement, gastroprotection, antibacterial and anticoagulant. Recent studies also demonstrated that pectin is a promising material as the carrier or encapsulation matrix for targeted delivering of functional components or exert synergistic bioactivities. In this chapter, the bioactivity of pectins from various sources are classified, and the structure-function relationship is elucidated. In addition, the potential applications of bioactive pectins are summarised.
H. Ding (*) · S. W. Cui Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 V. Kontogiorgos (ed.), Pectin: Technological and Physiological Properties, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53421-9_9
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9.2 Bioactivity of Pectins and Hydrolysates/Derivatives The utilisation of pectins as prebiotics are discussed in another chapter. In this section, bioactivities, such as anticancer, immunomodulatory, and antibacterial/antivirus activities of pectins are emphasised.
9.2.1 Anticancer Activity The anticancer properties of pectins and the application in cancer therapy have been widely reported by inhibiting the cancer cells growth and suppressing the development of precancerous conditions (Khotimchenko 2010; Zhang et al. 2015; Lara- Espinoza 2018). Recent studies provided more details on the anticancer activity and correlated with its structural characteristics. For example, rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) rich pectins from ginseng flower (Cui et al. 2019) and ginseng (Shi et al. 2017) were reported to exert strong binding activities to galectin-3. RG-I from Opuntia ficus-indica after heat modification could selectively inhibit LANS cancer cells without affecting normal cells (Lefsih et al. 2018). Citrus pectins (both of HG and RG-I rich extracts) inhibited the growth of HT-29 colon cancer cells (Ma et al. 2018), and suppressed hemagglutination mediated by galectin-3 (Zhang et al. 2016). Pectic oligosaccharides from citrus could reduce the colon cancer ris
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