Phase Noise in Millimeter Wave Phase-Locked Loop with Mixer
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Phase Noise in Millimeter Wave Phase-Locked Loop with Mixer Yonghong Zhang & Yong Fan & Zhengde Wu
Received: 7 January 2007 / Accepted: 5 February 2007 / Published online: 6 March 2007 # Springer Science + Business Media, LLC 2007
Abstract In order to estimate the phase noise of millimetre wave (MMW) phase-locked oscillator (PLO), the phase noise relation of signals in MMW phase-locked loop (PLL) with frequency conversion is analyzed. The signals include output of MMW PLO, intermediate frequency (IF) output of harmonic mixer and output of microwave oscillator serving as local oscillator (LO). A method to estimate the phase noise of MMW PLO is presented, which is based on the phase noise of LO and IF. At the same time, a W-band PLO is achieved, and the phase noise values of the three signals are measured. It is shown that the experimental result is well coincident with the analysis of phase noise relation. Keywords Phase noise . Millimeter wave . Phase-locked loop . Frequency conversion
1 Introduction MMW source with low phase noise is widely used in the field of wireless communication and radar systems. Many MMW solid-state frequency sources with low phase noise are performed by PLL [1–4]. The frequency of MMW is so high that frequency divider is not available. So the frequency conversion is used to converter MMW frequency to IF by a harmonic mixer, which is driven by a microwave LO. And the LO is usually a microwave PLO or frequency multiplier source. Because of the limitation of instrument and the high frequency of MMW PLO, it is not convenience to measure its phase noise directly, and some authors tried to estimate it indirectly. Bester [5] and Bao [3] considered the phase noise characteristic of IF as the result of the MMW PLO, which is often out of accord with the fact. Ma [6] used the phase jitter of LO multiplied by M, the order of harmonic mixing. But it is true only for the offset frequency lower than the natural frequency of PLL. On the other hand, Robins [7] and Zhang [8] analyzed the phase noise in PLL including frequency conversion, but how to Y. Zhang (*) : Y. Fan : Z. Wu School of Electronic Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, China e-mail: [email protected]
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Int J Infrared Milli Waves (2007) 28:299–304
estimate the phase noise of MMW PLO is not mentioned. Furthermore, all of the measured results in papers above were not complete to prove the analysis. This paper describes the phase noise analysis of the three signals, MMW, LO and IF in PLL with mixer. The phase noise comparison of the three is also conducted, and a method to estimate the phase noise of MMW PLO is presented, which covers all of the offset frequency. The measured result of a W-band PLO with harmonic mixer conforms to the analysis, relative completely.
2 Phase noise of LO and MMW PLO The block diagram of the MMW PLO is shown in Fig. 1. It consists of a referenced crystal oscillator (CO), a phase detector (PD), a MMW voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a harmonic mixe
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