Phylogeny of Polycladida (Platyhelminthes) based on mtDNA data
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Phylogeny of Polycladida (Platyhelminthes) based on mtDNA data M. T. Aguado 1 & C. Noreña 2 & L. Alcaraz 2 & D. Marquina 2,3 & F. Brusa 4,5 & C. Damborenea 4,5 & B. Almon 6 & C. Bleidorn 2 & C. Grande 1
Received: 30 March 2017 / Accepted: 12 September 2017 # Gesellschaft für Biologische Systematik 2017
Abstract A phylogenetic analysis of Polycladida based on two partial mitochondrial genes (cox1 and 16S) is provided. The analysis includes 30 polyclad terminals that represent species from the two taxa which traditionally divide the groups Cotylea and Acotylea. Our phylogenetic analyses produced a well-supported hypothesis that confirms the monophyly of Polycladida, as well as Acotylea and Cotylea. Within Acotylea, there are two lineages not highly supported: on one hand, Leptoplanoidea (excluding Hoploplana elisabelloi) and one Stylochoidea member (Pseudostylochus intermedius) (classification sensu Faubel, 1983, 1984), and on the other hand, Stylochoidea members together with Discocelis tigrina Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-017-0344-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * M. T. Aguado [email protected] * C. Grande [email protected] 1
Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
2
Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), c/ José Gutierrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
3
Present address: Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden
4
División Zoología Invertebrados, Museo de La Plata (FCNyM-UNLP), Paseo del Bosque s/n, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
5
CONICET. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
6
Grupo de Estudo do Medio Mariño (GEMM), Puerto Deportivo s/n, 15960 Ribeira, A Coruña, Spain
and H. elisabelloi. The genera Stylochus and Imogine are not monophyletic. Within Cotylea, Pseudocerotidae and Euryleptidae are monophyletic, though not highly supported, while Prosthiostomidae is not. Euryleptoidea is paraphyletic. The genera Pseudobiceros and Pseudoceros are monophyletic and highly supported. Our results suggest that, within Acotylea, the prostatoid organs of Discocelis may have been derived from a prostatic vesicle. The genus Hoploplana could be included in Stylochoidea. Within Cotylea, the common ancestor of Euryleptidae and Pseudocerotidae might have been an aposematic animal with tentacles. Keywords Cotylea . Acotylea . Systematics . Molecular phylogenetics
Introduction Polycladida is a group of free-living Platyhelminthes with predominantly benthic marine species. Polyclads are hermaphroditic animals with internal fertilization with direct or indirect development and a variety of life history strategies (Rawlinson 2014). Currently, there are around 800 described species (Tyler et al. 2006–2016). Even though taxonomists have profusel
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