Physical and chemical characteristics of soils in Ephedra gerardiana and E. pachyclada habitats of Kali Gandaki Valley i
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Physical and chemical characteristics of soils in Ephedra gerardiana and E. pachyclada habitats of Kali Gandaki Valley in Central Nepal Motoyasu Minami1 · Takako Mori1 · Yukako Honda1 · Kaoru Ueno1 · Tetuo Murakami1 · Yui Ajioka2 · Toshiyuki Atsumi3 · Kumari Jyoti Joshi4 · Paras Mani Yadav4 · Dhan Raji Kandel4 · Mio Nakano5 · Junichi Shinozaki5 · Susumu Itoh5 · Takahisa Nakane5 · Akihito Takano5 Received: 17 February 2020 / Accepted: 21 April 2020 © The Japanese Society of Pharmacognosy 2020
Abstract In the Kali Gandaki Valley in Central Nepal, Ephedra gerardiana and E. pachyclada show species specificity for physical and chemical characteristics of soils. Here, the relationship between soil characteristics and ephedrine and pseudoephedrine contents was examined. E. gerardiana grew in moist alpine scrub and upper alpine meadow from 3735 to 4156 m a.s.l., while E. pachyclada grew in the lower Caragana steppe and dry alpine scrub from 2629 to 3671 m a.s.l. The soil texture of E. gerardiana and E. pachyclada collection sites were classified as loam or sandy loam mainly composed of sand and silt. Loss on ignition (%) of soil in E. gerardiana habitats (28.4–35.0%) was markedly higher than for that in E. pachyclada habitats (14.2–17.2%). E. pachyclada soil (pH 8.4–9.2) was more alkaline than that for E. gerardiana (pH 8.5). The five ions ( Cl−, SO42−, Ca2+, Mg2+, and Na+) in soil of E. pachyclada (Cl−, 0.01–18.97 mmol/100 g dry soil weight; SO42−, 1.95–83.33; Ca2+, 3.79–77.91; M g2+, 1.28–27.9; N a+, 0.94–34.49) were markedly higher than those of E. gerardiana (Cl−, 0.18–0.29; SO42−, 0.07–0.08; C a2+, 4.19–4.59; M g2+, 0.22–0.58; N a+, 0.93–1.40). The main factor contributing to strongly alkali soils for each species was different between E. gerardiana and E. pachyclada: CaCO3 for E. gerardiana and C aSO4, MgSO4, NaCl, or a combination of these for E. pachyclada. The total ephedrine and pseudoephedrine content in E. gerardiana and E. pachyclada ranged from 1.67–1.88%DW and 1.95–4.80%DW, respectively. Both E. gerardiana and E. pachyclada were amenable for use a raw material source for extraction of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, and the ephedrine content of both species showed a statistically significantly positive correlation with Mg2+ and Na+ contents of the soil. Keywords Ephedra gerardiana · Ephedra pachyclada · Soil environment · Ephedrine · Kali gandaki valley · trnL–trnF intergenic spacer region
Introduction * Motoyasu Minami [email protected] 1
College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto‑cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487‑8501, Japan
2
College of Contemporary Education, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto‑cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487‑8501, Japan
3
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, 1714‑1 Yoshino‑machi, Nobeoka, Miyazaki 882‑8508, Japan
4
Department of Plant Resources, Ministry of Forests and Environment, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal
5
Showa Pharmace
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