Play During Growth: the Effect of Sports on Bone Adaptation
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BIOMECHANICS (G NIEBUR AND J WALLACE, SECTION EDITORS)
Play During Growth: the Effect of Sports on Bone Adaptation Chenxi Yan 1 & Sara G. Moshage 1 & Mariana E. Kersh 1,2 Accepted: 29 September 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Purpose of Review The development of exercise interventions for bone health requires an understanding of normative growth trends. Here, we summarize changes in bone during growth and the effect of participating in sports on structural and compositional measures in different bones in males and females. Recent Findings Growing females and males have similar normalized density and bone area fraction until age 16, after which males continue increasing at a faster rate than females. All metrics for both sexes tend to plateau or decline in the early 20s. Areal BMD measures indicate significant heterogeneity in adaptation to sport between regions of the body. High-resolution CT data indicate changes in structure are more readily apparent than changes in density. Summary While adaptation to sport is spatially heterogeneous, participation in weight-bearing activities that involve dynamic muscle contractions tends to result in increased bone adaptation. Keywords Bone . Sport . Exercise . Growth
Introduction The mechanosensitivity of the skeleton results in a heterogeneous arrangement of structure and composition designed to accommodate the mechanical loads expected during locomotion. Skeletal development and maintenance occurs via two processes: modeling in which new bone is formed and remodeling in which existing bone is replaced via resorption followed by formation. In later life, bone remodeling becomes imbalanced with bone resorption exceeding formation leading to poor bone quality and increased fracture risk. While pharmaceutical interventions for the treatment of bone disease, such as osteoporosis, have shown some efficacy, they often come late in life and are limited by patient compliance. Mechanical loading however is a readily available tool for inducing bone adaptation. This article is part of the Topical Collection on Biomechanics Chenxi Yan and Sara G. Moshage contributed equally * Mariana E. Kersh [email protected] 1
Tissue Biomechanics Lab, Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
2
Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
The mechanical loading of the skeleton through muscle and joint forces contributes to the development of the skeleton during growth. Variation in bone structure reflects adaptation to stereotypical locomotor-related forces [1]. For example, during human gait, the femoral neck experiences maximum strains inferomedially and smaller strains superolaterally [2]. To accommodate this habitual loading, the cortex of the inferior femoral neck is thicker compared to the superolateral cortex along with a trabecular network assembled to resist and t
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