Pollen allergens do not come alone: pollen associated lipid mediators (PALMS) shift the human immue systems towards a T
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BioMed Central
Open Access
Review
Pollen allergens do not come alone: pollen associated lipid mediators (PALMS) shift the human immue systems towards a TH2-dominated response
Stefanie Gilles1, Valentina Mariani2, Martina Bryce1, Martin J Mueller3, Johannes Ring4, Heidrun Behrendt1, Thilo Jakob5 and Claudia TraidlHoffmann*1
Address: 1ZAUM - Center for Allergy and Environment, Division of Environmental Dermatology and Allergy Helmholz Center/TUM, Biedersteiner Str. 29, 80802 Munich, Germany, 2Istituto dermopatico dell immacolata, Rome, Italy, 3Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of Biosciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany, 4Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany and 5Allergy Research Group, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Email: Stefanie Gilles - [email protected]; Valentina Mariani - [email protected]; Martina Bryce - [email protected]; Martin J Mueller - [email protected]; Johannes Ring - [email protected]; Heidrun Behrendt - [email protected]; Thilo Jakob - [email protected]; Claudia TraidlHoffmann* - [email protected] * Corresponding author
Published: 22 October 2009 Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology 2009, 5:3
doi:10.1186/1710-1492-5-3
Received: 30 September 2009 Accepted: 22 October 2009
This article is available from: http://www.aacijournal.com/content/5/1/3 © 2009 Gilles et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract Pollen allergy is characterized by a TH2-biased immune response to pollen-derived allergens. However, pollen-exposed epithelia do not encounter pure allergen but rather a plethora of protein and non-protein substances. We demonstrated that pollen liberate lipids with chemical and functional similarities to leukotriens and prostaglandins - the pollen associated lipid mediators (PALMs). To date, two main groups of PALMs have been characterized: The immunostimulatory PALMs activating innate immune cells such as neutrophils and eosinophils, and the immunomodulatory E1-phytoprostanes blocking IL-12 production of dendritic cells, resulting in the preferential induction of TH2 responses. This article reviews our work in the field of PALMs and their effects on cells of the innate and adoptive immune system. From recent results a general picture starts to emerge in which PALMs (and possibly other pollen-associated substances) may independently from protein allergens - propagate an overall TH2 favoring micromilieu in pollen exposed tissue of predisposed individuals.
Background Atopic diseases are characterized by a predominance of T helper cell type 2 (TH2) biased immune responses to environmental allergens. It is well
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