Porous Scaffolds Consisting of Collagen, Chondroitin Sulfate, and Hydroxyapatite with Enhanced Biodegradable Resistance
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Porous Scaffolds Consisting of Collagen, Chondroitin Sulfate, and Hydroxyapatite with Enhanced Biodegradable Resistance for Cartilage Regeneration H. Kaneda1, T. Ikoma1, T. Yoshioka1, M. Nishi2, R. Matsumoto2, T. Uemura2, J. S. Cross1, and J. Tanaka1 1 Department of Metallurgy and Ceramics Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan 2 Nanosystem Research Institute (NRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ibaraki, Japan. ABSTRACT Porous scaffolds of alkaline-soluble collagen including nanocomposite particles of chondroitin sulfate and low crystalline hydroxyapatite for cartilage regeneration were fabricated by freezedrying and thermal dehydration treatments; porous collagen scaffolds were also synthesized as a reference. The scaffolds were cross-linked using glutaraldehyde (GA) vapor treatment in order to enhance biodegradable resistance. Microstructural observation with scanning electron microscope indicated that the scaffolds with and without GA cross-linkage had open pores between 130 to 200 μm in diameter and well-interconnected pores of 10 to 30 μm even after cross-linkage. In vitro biodegradable resistance to collagenase was significantly enhanced by GA cross-linking of the scaffolds. All these results suggest that the GA cross-linked scaffolds consisting of collagen, chondroitin sulfate, and low crystalline hydroxyapatite have suitable microporous structures and long-term biochemical stability for cartilage tissue engineering. INTRODUCTION Cartilage tissue has very low capability for self-repair because of a lack of blood and lymph vessels and a limited number of active cells compared with other tissues and organs in the human body. Therefore, once cartilage tissue is damaged by injury, disease, or aging, surgical treatment, e.g. mosaic plasty is necessary for repairing it. However, the treatment has several disadvantages; the treatable area is limited, which puts a heavy burden on the patients. Recently, scaffolds have been used for tissue engineering due to their capability for large volume tissue regeneration. Biodegradable synthetic polymers such as polylactic acid (PLA) and polyglycolic acid (PGA) have been developed for cartilage tissue or other types of tissue regenerations [1, 2]. Cartilage tissue regeneration requires a scaffold with the following properties: i) biocompatibility, ii) biodegradability, iii) moderate mechanical property, iv) high porosity, and v) induction of cell differentiation and proliferation. Furthermore, cytokines (transforming growth factor-β3) which can stimulate the cell differentiations are important for the success of cartilage regeneration. We have fabricated novel porous scaffolds consisting of type I collagen (Col), chondroitin sulfate (ChS), and low crystalline hydroxyapatite (HAp) for cartilage regeneration [3]. The scaffolds developed exhibit excellent biocompatibility and high specific surface area; however, there remains a problem with their rapid biodegradation rate during long-term cell culture. Glutaraldehyde (GA
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