Prediction of Cavitation Depth in an Al-Cu Alloy Melt with Bubble Characteristics Based on Synchrotron X-ray Radiography
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TRODUCTION
THE characteristics of cavitation bubbles are essential for quantifying the metallurgical effect of ultrasonic melt treatment (UST), which has been proved effective and promising in refining the solidification structure of metallic alloys,[1–5] degassing molten metals,[6] and preparing nanoparticle-reinforced metallic matrix composites.[7] Extensive experiments indicate that acoustic
HAIJUN HUANG, GUOLIANG ZHU, DONGHONG WANG, and ANPING DONG are with the Shanghai Key Lab of Advanced High-temperature Materials and Precision Forming, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. Contact e-mail: [email protected] DA SHU is with the Shanghai Key Lab of Advanced Hightemperature Materials and Precision Forming, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University and also with the Materials Genome Initiative Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. Contact e-mail: [email protected] YANAN FU is with the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, CAS, Shanghai 201204, China. BAODE SUN is with the Shanghai Key Lab of Advanced High-temperature Materials and Precision Forming, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University and also with Shanghai Innovation Institute for Materials, Shanghai 200444, China. Manuscript submitted December 8, 2017.
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A
cavitation, i.e., the formation, growth, and collapse of bubbles filled mainly with gas dissolved in a liquid metal, plays a critical role during UST.[8,9] For example, cavitation-induced nucleation and cavitation resulted crystal multiplication[10,11] generally occur in a cavitation region,[12,13] the width of which can be empirically estimated to be about the horizontal size of a vertically inserted sonotrode,[2] and the ultrasonic intensity is closely associated with the number density and the size distribution of cavitation bubbles in the cavitation region. Most of the previous investigations on cavitation characteristics have been carried out in transparent materials. Labouret[14] proposed a back derived algorithm to obtain the size distribution of cavitation bubbles in air saturated water by tracking the void decrease in terms of bubble dissolution after switching off the ultrasound. Brotchie et al.[15] analyzed sonoluminescence (SL) and sonochemiluminescence (SCL) information to obtain cavitation bubble-size distributions by applying a pulsed ultrasound in a luminol solution and found that the mean bubble size increased with increasing acoustic power and decreased with increasing ultrasound frequency. Burdin et al.[16,17] adopted and compared two different techniques, laser diffraction and phase Doppler interferometry, to study the size and volumetric concentration of cavitation bubbles in water.
In contrast to transparent substances, research on cavitation in metals is far behind and remains a challenge due to the opaque nature of melts and high temperature. Matsunaga et
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