Probiotics and Prebiotics: Techniques Used and Its Relevance
Modernism in older techniques has led to expansion in modern strategies for studying probiotics and prebiotics. These strategies reduce the difficulties in identifying the unknown species and manipulations of the rumen microbial ecosystem. These high-thro
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Ishu Khangwal, Monika Yadav, Mandeep, and Pratyoosh Shukla
Abstract
Modernism in older techniques has led to expansion in modern strategies for studying probiotics and prebiotics. These strategies reduce the difficulties in identifying the unknown species and manipulations of the rumen microbial ecosystem. These high-throughput techniques can quickly achieve maternal links of fetus; it can help in knowing the density and amount of bacteria throughout the neonatal gut. Advances in “omics” have led this to new levels, where the relationships between food supplements and gut microflora can be known easily. Further, knowing these inter-linkages can act as a mediator in applying modern techniques such as encapsulation, immobilization, etc. In this chapter, all these techniques, including in vivo and in vitro strategies have been discussed in detail along with the modern strategy including modeling and other omics techniques for better understanding of both prebiotics and probiotics. Moreover, knowing these techniques in detail can help in improving the efficiency and efficacy of both of these. Keywords
Probiotics · Prebiotics · Synbiotics · Synthetic biology · Computational tools
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Introduction
Probiotics and prebiotics are the products that can benefit humans by inducing a positive effect on health. The global market of them is consecutively increasing by the years because of their multifunctional properties (Davison and Wischmeyer I. Khangwal · M. Yadav · Mandeep · P. Shukla (*) Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India # Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 P. Shukla (ed.), Microbial Enzymes and Biotechniques, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6895-4_10
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2019). The common effects of them are deleting the unwanted microbes from the gut and increasing the digestive functions, e.g. bowel functions, nutrients absorptions, controlling pH, etc. The big pool of information can be derived from the omics approach, which can further enhance the new global market of beneficial microbes and their related potential products. The analytical methods for studying these are deplorable and cannot explain the proper function of these in metabolic disorder and health (Andersen et al. 2019). The traditional method in disease management, i.e. the use of dairy products for lactose intolerance has some gaps in defining the proper target actions of these beneficial microbes (Huynh et al. 2019). For this, we can also use non-dairy probiotic products based on vegetables and fruits, which further help as a natural remedy against such metabolic disorders (Yadav and Mandeep 2019). In addition to this, advances in techniques such as metagenomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics had led this to a new echelon (Selim et al. 2019). They relatively target the proper functions of the gut microbiome and their target actions such as immunomodulation, pathogen inhibitions, nutrients absorptions, etc. Knowledge of all this
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