Racial Profiling and the NYPD The Who, What, When, and Why of Stop a

This book analyzes New York City’s stop-and-frisk data both pre- and post-constitutionality ruling, examining the existence of both profiling and unequal treatment among the three largest groups identified in the database: Blacks, Whites, and Hispanics. T

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Jay L. Newberry

Racial Profiling and the NYPD

Jay L. Newberry

Racial Profiling and the NYPD The Who, What, When, and Why of Stop and Frisk

Jay L. Newberry Department of Geography Binghamton University Binghamton, NY USA

ISBN 978-3-319-58090-6 ISBN 978-3-319-58091-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-58091-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017940213 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover Illustration: © nemesis2207/Fotolia.co.uk Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my sincerest gratitude to the people who supported me through the writing of this project; to those who provided guidance, insight, wisdom, and commentary. Most importantly, I would like to thank all my colleagues at Binghamton University’s Department of Geography. I would also like to thank my graduate and undergraduate research assistants who spent weeks cleaning up the SQF database and looking for trends in the data for our specific use; this includes Stephanie Brewer, Amanda Rizzi, and David Ostern. Last, but not least, I would like to thank all the wonderful people that I have not specifically mentioned who have helped along the road to completing this project.

v

CONTENTS

1 Introduction

1

2 In the Shadow of Lady Liberty

7

3 Broken Windows or Breaking Communities

19

4 The Impact of Broken Window on Police Practices in New York City

35

5 Analytical Methods

43

6 Analytical Results

53

7 Discussion and Conclusion

65

Index

75

vii

LIST

Fig. 4.1 Fig. 5.1 Fig. 5.2 Fig. 6.1 Fig. 6.2 Fig. 6.3

OF

FIGURES

Select stop-and-frisk data variables from 2003 to 201