Radiation Damage in Metallic Materials
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This article attempts to summarize the current knowledge on radiation effects in metallic materials with emphasis on the underlying physical processes. Due to space constraints, only the most important features warrant a brief discussion. For a deeper analysis of the subject and a more representative list of references, please refer to a recent review.3 Numerical data on production and properties of defects appear in Reference 4. Defect Production Interaction Between Radiation and Solids All macroscopically observed radiation effects are caused by one or more of the following interactions: electronic excitations, elastic collisions, and nuclear reactions. When an energetic particle of energy £ traverses a distance dx in a solid, these interactions lead to an energy loss, dE—that is, the stopping power dE/dx is given by dE
dE.
dx
dx
dE. I
dE I
dx
in fusion (£ n s 14 MeV) or spallation (£ p ~ En ~ 1 GeV) environments. Nuclear reactions can cause property changes in three ways: (1) The resulting foreign elements can lead to modification in the microstructure. For example, helium generated by (n,
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