Random offset minimization in low frequency front-end amplifiers using swarm intelligence based techniques
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Random offset minimization in low frequency front‑end amplifiers using swarm intelligence based techniques Naushad Manzoor Laskar1 · Koushik Guha1 · P. K. Paul1 · K. L. Baishnab1 Received: 24 June 2019 / Revised: 12 August 2020 / Accepted: 15 September 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Random offset in amplifiers arises mainly due to random variations i.e. inherent mismatch in transistor parameters and greatly impacts its overall design specifications, especially in case of low frequency application. It must be minimized for high precision in the amplifier’s performance. A new approach for minimization of random offset voltage in amplifiers has been proposed through the use of swarm intelligence based optimization algorithms due to their derivative free nature and easy search mechanism. The approach involves firstly, modelling the random offset voltage due to mismatch between transistors parameters based on Pelgrom’s model and then minimizing the formulated model subjected to design constraints using swarm intelligence based algorithms. Two case studies are considered, firstly, a high swing Folded Cascode Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA) and secondly, a Recycling Folded Cascode (RFC) OTA. Comparative analysis have been performed by recording best, worst and mean data for 2500 function evaluations and also using statistical analysis such as Friedmann’s test and Mann–Whitney’s U test. The results indicate that the Hybrid Whale Particle Swarm Optimization (HWPSO) algorithm outperforms the other state of the art algorithms by giving a minimum random offset voltage of 7.2 mV and 1.452 mV with a mean rank of 1.55 and 1.75 for the 1st and 2nd case studies respectively. Validation of HWPSO results have been done by performing simulations and Monte Carlo Analysis for the two amplifiers in Cadence Virtuoso, which are found to be in close agreement with the algorithmic results. Keywords Random offset voltage · Mismatch · Pelgrom’s model · Swarm based algorithms · Optimization · Monte Carlo analysis
1 Introduction An amplifier is an indispensable element in the front end design of any system [1] and should meet the minimum design specifications required for optimal performance of the system [1, 2]. Offset voltage is an important design specification in any amplifier design. A high value of offset voltage is undesirable as it directly impacts the accuracy and * Naushad Manzoor Laskar [email protected] Koushik Guha [email protected] P. K. Paul [email protected] K. L. Baishnab [email protected] 1
Department of ECE, NIT Silchar, Silchar, Assam 788010, India
precision of other design parameters such as gain, Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR), noise etc. in the amplifier [3]. Especially in case of low frequency ( 40 ≤ 15 ≥ − 1.6 ≤ 1.6 > 60 > 50 ≤ 7 ≥ − 1.8 ≤ 1.8 ≤ 500n
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1.8 0 −0.42 0.42 355 75 5 nm 5.49 nm 0.35 CL 180 nm 0.04 0.05
the
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