Reproductive potential and early spore settlement on different substrates in Gigartina skottsbergii (Gigartinaceae, Rhod
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Reproductive potential and early spore settlement on different substrates in Gigartina skottsbergii (Gigartinaceae, Rhodophyta) from the South American Atlantic coast Melanie H. Hughes 1,2
&
Karina M. Michetti 2 & Patricia I. Leonardi 1,2
Received: 28 February 2020 / Revised and accepted: 19 May 2020 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract The aims of this study were to estimate seasonal spore availability in the carrageenophyte Gigartina skottsbergii from the Patagonian Atlantic coast, evaluate the effect of induction methods and culture conditions on spore release, and assess spore settlement on different substrates. Fertile fronds were collected in southern Argentina. The density and size of reproductive structures and spore output were registered seasonally. Spore release was evaluated using different induction methods and conditions. Finally, different natural substrates were assessed for spore settlement. Spore availability is restricted to winter and spring. Cystocarps and tetrasporangial sori reached maturity towards winter, and spores were released in large amounts during winter and spring, with higher tetraspore than carpospore release. Spontaneous discharge would appear to be a more advisable induction method than desiccation and high salinity. Temperature and photoperiod did not have a significant effect on total spore output. After 2 weeks of incubation, no differences were found among spore densities on glass, pebbles, clams, or mussels. Despite the low survival rate registered on all substrates, spores germinated and developed healthily. This is the first study to evaluate carpospore and tetraspore availability throughout the year and the viability of in vitro spore culture of G. skottsbergii from the South American Atlantic coast. Keywords Carpospores . Carposporophyte . Rhodophyta . Spore culture . Tetraspores . Tetrasporophyte
Introduction The red seaweed Gigartina skottsbergii Setchell & NL Gardner, endemic to southern South America, the Antarctic, and subantarctic islands (Hommersand et al. 2009), has been exploited for decades in Argentina and Chile by the hydrocolloid industry (Zemke-White and Ohno 1999; Rebours et al. 2014). Its economic significance lies in its high carrageenan content and in the types of carrageenan that can be obtained (Buschmann et al. 2001a). Carrageenans are cell wall sulfated polysaccharides used as gelling, stabilizing, and viscosity binding agents in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic
* Melanie H. Hughes [email protected] 1
Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida (CERZOS), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
2
Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
industries (Usov 2011). Further promising applications of these polysaccharides are being studied, such as their use for controlled release of drugs (Li et al. 2014; Hughes et al. 2018); their antiviral activity (Diogo et al. 2015; Boulho et al. 2017) and antitumor properties (Ca
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