RETRACTED ARTICLE: Three New Structures for Reactive Power Market by Considering Reactive Losses Caused by the Active Po
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RESEARCH PAPER
Three New Structures for Reactive Power Market by Considering Reactive Losses Caused by the Active Power Flow A. Ahmadimanesh1 · M. Kalantar1 Received: 16 March 2017 / Accepted: 15 April 2019 © Shiraz University 2019
Abstract In this paper, three new reactive power market structures are studied and presented. Active power flow by itself causes active and reactive losses. Considering such losses in the reactive power market without making additional payments to producers is the main purpose of this paper. Therefore, this study attempts to improve the reactive power market and promote fair competition in reactive power generation by improving the market structure. The advantage of these methods is determining the mandatory region of units based on both active power output and its distance from the load. This novel structure leads to a reduction in system costs in the deregulated power system, which is one of the main policies of this paper. In order to simulate and describe the proposed methods in the implementation of the reactive power market, the IEEE 24- and 118-bus test system is applied and the proposed methods are compared with each other and the conventional reactive power market structure. Finally, findings show that the total payment by independent system operator will be reduced via application of the proposed methods. Keywords Deregulation · Power Market · Ancillary Services · Reactive Power · Power Losses Symbols i, j Indices of buses u Indices of units in the bus Qi,u The lower limit of reactive power generation min Qi,u max The upper limit of reactive power generation Reactive power required by generator for its Qi,u base auxiliary equipment Qi,u Maximum reactive power limit of generator g A without reduction in real power generation Qi,u Maximum allowable reactive power limit of genB erator g with reduction in real power generation Qi,u Modified by correcting cost function Qi,u A A,new i,u by correcting cost function QB,new Modified Qi,u B The real power corresponding to machine rating Pi,u rated power Pi,u Maximum generation capacity of the generator max Pg Active power generation of unit * A. Ahmadimanesh [email protected] M. Kalantar [email protected] 1
Center of Excellence for Power Systems, Automation and Operation, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
Availability price, $/MVarh ai,u 0 mi,u Cost of loss price offer for operating in 1 under-excited mode (absorb reactive power), ≤ 0 , $/MVarh Qi,u ≤ Qi,u g min i,u m2 Cost of loss price offer for operating in the region Qi,u , $/MVarh ≤ Qi,u ≤ Qi,u g A base i,u m3 Opportunity price offer for operating in the region Qi,u , ($/MVarh* MVarh) ≤ Qi,u ≤ Qi,u g B A i,u Q1 Under-excitation reactive power of generator (variable) Qi,u Over-excitation reactive power of generator 2 (variable) Reactive power of generator, operating in the Qi,u 3 opportunity region (variable) NG Number of buses with synchronous generator or condenser NUi Number of units connected to the
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