Review on the applications and development of fluidized bed electrodes
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REVIEW PAPER
Review on the applications and development of fluidized bed electrodes Jiaxin Cheng 1,2,3 & Haitao Yang 1,4,5 & Chuanlin Fan 1,4 & Rongxing Li 1,2 & Xiaohua Yu 1,2,3 & Hongtao Li 1,4 Received: 6 July 2020 / Revised: 22 July 2020 / Accepted: 23 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Fluidized bed electrodes (FBEs), which were discovered in the late 1960s, are 3D (three-dimensional) particle electrodes. The FBEs have been attracting extensive attention because of their unique properties and advantages, such as higher space-time yield, high active electrode area, and higher mass transfer rate than conventional electrochemical reactors. This review summarizes the progress of FBEs and spouted bed electrodes in the past few decades and focuses on their applications in metallurgy, environmental protection, functional particle preparation, energy storage and conversion, redox reaction, and water treatment. Although most examples outlined in this paper are still in laboratory, they can provide researchers with useful guidance for further exploration. Keywords Fluidized bed electrode . 3D particle electrode . Spouted bed electrode . Application
Nomenclature α surface area ratio per unit volume of metal particles, cm−1 AE electrode area per unit electrode volume, m−1 dp particle diameter, μm dp* dimensionless solid particle diameter, defined as dp* = dp (ρgΔρ/μ2)1/3 dv equivalent diameter of equal volume of single particle, m D tube diameter, mm * Haitao Yang [email protected] * Chuanlin Fan [email protected] 1
State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 353, Beijing 100190, China
2
Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
3
State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China
4
School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
5
Nanjing IPE Institute of Green Manufacturing Industry, Nanjing 211135, China
f(ŋ, C) H im is I n Δp Re Ret Sc Sh u ul ut U1* Ucv Umf
expression of electrochemical reaction speed the height of particle bed, m current density of metal particle phase, A/cm2 current density of electrolyte liquid phase, A/cm2 total current density of current feeder, A/cm2 slopes obtained from the plots of log ul versus log ε pressure drop over fluidized bed electrodes, Pa Reynolds number Reynolds number of particle terminal speed Schmidt number Sherwood number superficial liquid velocity, m/s external phase flow rate with bed porosity of 1, m/s settling velocity of particle electrode, m/s dimensionless superficial liquid velocity, defined as Ul* = Ul (ρ2/μgΔρ)1/3 transition velocity of fluidization regime to transport regime, m/s minimum fluidization velocity, m/s
Greek letters χ position coordinates starting from the current feeder, cm ε porosity of fluid bed electrodes μ viscosity of fluid, Pa s ρf de
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