Role and function of Chondrostereum purpureum in biocontrol of trees
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MINI-REVIEW
Role and function of Chondrostereum purpureum in biocontrol of trees Leena Hamberg 1
&
Timo Saksa 2 & Jarkko Hantula 1
Received: 6 November 2020 / Revised: 6 November 2020 / Accepted: 9 December 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract A decay fungus, Chondrostereum purpureum (Pers. Ex Fr.) Pouzar, has been investigated in Europe, Northern America and New Zealand for its ability to decay hardwood stumps and thus prevent sprouting. The aim of these investigations has been to find an alternative to mechanical (cutting only) and chemical sprout control (cutting and applying chemicals to stumps in order to prevent sprouting). Mechanical sprout control is not an efficient option due to hardwood tree species’ ability to re-sprout efficiently after cutting, and therefore management costs are high. Chemicals would be efficient but due to their harmful effects on the environment, alternatives are needed. The fungal treatment, i.e., cutting accompanied with C. purpureum inoculum is an environmentally friendly and efficient option for sprout control. This mini-review comprises the role and function of C. purpureum in biocontrol of trees: the ecology of C. purpureum, its sprout control efficacy, factors affecting sprout control efficacy, devices in biological sprout control, potential risks, and the future perspectives of biological sprout control. Key points • A fungus Chondrostereum purpureum is efficient in preventing sprouting of hardwoods • C. purpureum is not sensitive to environmental conditions • Devices should be developed for cost-efficient biological sprout control Keywords Forestry . Sprout control . Decay fungus . Stump mortality
Introduction Microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria, or the compounds that they produce, have potential as biological control agents in preventing the growth of harmful pests and diseases as described in many mini-reviews (Keswani et al. 2019; Memariani and Memariani 2020; Mukherjee et al. 2020; Tong and Feng 2020; Torracchi et al. 2020). Furthermore, this approach could also be utilized in restricting the growth of unwanted hardwood tree species (de Jong 2000; Wall 1990), for example in forest management, under electric power lines,
* Leena Hamberg [email protected] 1
Natural Resources Institute Finland, P.O. Box 2, (Latokartanonkaari 9), FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
2
Natural Resources Institute Finland, Juntintie 154, FI-77600 Suonenjoki, Finland
above gas pipelines and next to roads and railways (de la Bastide et al. 2002; Hamberg et al. 2015). In forestry, specific tree species are cultivated to produce timber and biomass for industry. Usually, the desired tree saplings must compete with naturally grown tree species for growing space, solar radiation, water and nutrients, and therefore, unwanted saplings are removed to promote the growth of more valuable cultivated trees (Huuskonen and Hynynen 2006; Huuskonen et al. 2020; Wagner et al. 2006). However, unwanted trees are often hardwoods that can sprout efficiently from stumps (Becker et al. 2005; Hamberg et al. 2
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