Salivary Total Protease Activity Based on a Broad-Spectrum Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Approach to Monitor In
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE
Salivary Total Protease Activity Based on a Broad‑Spectrum Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Approach to Monitor Induction and Resolution of Gingival Inflammation Floris J. Bikker1 · Gustavo G. Nascimento2 · Kamran Nazmi1 · Angelika Silbereisen3 · Georgios N. Belibasakis3 · Wendy E. Kaman1,4 · Rodrigo Lopez2 · Nagihan Bostanci3
© The Author(s) 2019
Abstract Objective Salivary total protease and chitinase activities were measured by a broad-spectrum fluorescence resonance energy transfer approach as predictors of induction and resolution of gingival inflammation in healthy individuals by applying an experimental human gingivitis model. Methods Dental biofilm accumulated (21 days, Induction Phase) by omitting oral hygiene practices followed by a 2-week Resolution Phase to restore gingival health in an experimental gingivitis study. Plaque accumulation, as assessed by the Turesky Modification of the Quigley-Hein Plaque Index (TQHPI), and gingival inflammation, assessed using the Modified Gingival Index (MGI), scores were recorded and unstimulated saliva was collected weekly. Saliva was analysed for total protein, albumin, total protease activity and chitinase activity (n = 18). Results The TQHPI and MGI scores, as well as total protease activity, increased until day 21. After re-establishment of oral hygiene, gingival inflammation levels returned to values similar to baseline (day 0). Levels of protease activity decreased significantly, but not to baseline values. Furthermore, ‘fast’ responders, who responded immediately to plaque, exhibited significantly higher proteolytic activity throughout the experimental course than ‘slow’ responders, who showed a lagged inflammatory response. Conclusion The results indicate that differential inflammatory responses encompass inherent variations in total salivary proteolytic activities, which could be further utilised in contemporary diagnostic, prognostic and treatment modalities for periodontal diseases.
Key Points
* Floris J. Bikker [email protected] 1
Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Free University of Amsterdam and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
2
Section of Periodontology, Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
3
Section of Periodontology and Dental Prevention, Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
4
Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Total salivary protease activity was associated with gingival inflammation development among ‘fast’ responders in an experimental gingivitis study. Salivary chitinase did not show any association with gingival inflammation scores, irrespective of the gingival inflammation development pattern. Total salivary protease activity could be used to distinguish differential gingival inflammatory responses in saliva.
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