Salt tolerance mechanisms in trees: research progress
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REVIEW
Salt tolerance mechanisms in trees: research progress Mingjing Zhang1 · Yanlu Liu1 · Guoliang Han1 · Yi Zhang1 · Baoshan Wang1 · Min Chen1 Received: 31 March 2020 / Accepted: 3 November 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Key message Our manuscript discussed salt tolerance mechanisms in trees, genesassociated with salt stress tolerance, methods to improve the salt tolerance oftrees, and research frontiers. Abstract Soil salinization is a global problem that seriously affects plant growth and development. Improving the salt tolerance of trees is an import economic and ecological aim in forestry. Recent studies have provided insight into resistance mechanisms in trees. Here, we present an overview of salt tolerance in trees and discuss mechanisms, genes associated and methods to improve the salt tolerance of trees, as well as research frontiers. Keywords: Soil salinity · Salt tolerance · Trees · Progress
Introduction Salinity stress severely impairs plant growth. Soil salinization affects 8.31 billion hm2 of land, making it an ecological problem worldwide (Zhu 2003; Munns and Tester 2008; Yuan et al. 2019). Planting salt-tolerant species in saline–alkali areas can maintain productivity. This applies not only to crops but also to forests (Janz et al. 2010; Zhu et al. 2019). High-salt content in soil directly damages plant cells, tissues, and organs (Liu et al. 2017; Song and Wang 2015), which affects tree growth throughout the life cycle. Therefore, salt tolerance of forest trees has received extensive research attention (Salah et al. 2009; Qi et al. 2018). Particular efforts have focused on elucidating salt tolerance mechanisms and developing strategies to improve forest trees’ salt tolerance (Apse and Blumwald 2002). High-salt conditions in the soil reduce the water potential of the plant root surface, reducing the plant’s ability to Editorial Responsibility: M. Buckeridge. * Baoshan Wang [email protected] * Min Chen [email protected] 1
Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, No. 88, East Wenhua Road, Jinan 250014, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
absorb water and causing osmotic stress (Deinlein et al. 2014; Liu et al. 2018b). Salt absorbed by the roots is transported to shoots and accumulates in leaves, causing ion homeostatic imbalance in the cell and, ultimately, ion poisoning (Zhu 2003; Yuan et al. 2016). Salt stress inhibits the growth and differentiation of tree tissues and organs, and leads to leaf damage and reduced plant height. Musyimi et al. (2008) found that salinity reduced shoot height in approximately 74% of the avocado plants. The reduced growth of ground diameter results in reduced biomass accumulation, which in turn retards tree development. All these changes can diminish a forest’s ecological benefits (Lie and Xue 2017). Over the course of evolution, trees can adapt to saline habitats. Mangroves, a prominent example of a halophytic plant, can tolerate up to 5
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