Sampling the Deep Sub-Surface Using Drilling and Coring Techniques
Coring methods developed for sampling deep subsurface terrestrial environments have led to the discovery of active, diverse, indigenous subterranean microorganisms. However, coring has rarely been used for microbiological sampling of deep hydrocarbon rese
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Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3428
2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6
Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3429 Drilling and Coring Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3429 Tracers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3433 Sample Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3436 Solutions and Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3438 Time Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3438 Trouble Shooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3438
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Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3438
K. N. Timmis (ed.), Handbook of Hydrocarbon and Lipid Microbiology, DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-77587-4_267, # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2010
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Sampling the Deep Sub-Surface Using Drilling and Coring Techniques
Abstract: Coring methods developed for sampling deep subsurface terrestrial environments have led to the discovery of active, diverse, indigenous subterranean microorganisms. However, coring has rarely been used for microbiological sampling of deep hydrocarbon reservoirs. The primary drilling and coring methods are hollow-stem augering, cable-tool drilling, and rotary drilling. Rotary drilling is required for depths >300 m and for hard rock environments. The potential for chemical and microbiological contamination during drilling, coring, and sample handling is great, and so obtaining subsurface samples that are truly representative of the subsurface and that are suitable for geochemical and microbiological analyses requires specialized techniques. Solute and particulate tracers are used to quantify chemical and microbiological contamination, respectively. Cores are dissected to remove inner subcore material, in which tracer concentrations should be orders of magnitude lower than in the surrounding material. Samples are generally processed in an anaerobic chamber to avoid exposure of redox-sensitive chemical species and strictly anaerobic microbes to O2. While these established methods have been successfully used in a variety of subsurface environments, including deep marine sediments, other approaches have also been used, e.g., sampling in deep mines, and still
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