Sarcopenia during COVID-19 lockdown restrictions: long-term health effects of short-term muscle loss
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Sarcopenia during COVID-19 lockdown restrictions: long-term health effects of short-term muscle loss Richard Kirwan & Deaglan McCullough & Tom Butler & Fatima Perez de Heredia & Ian G. Davies & Claire Stewart
Received: 25 June 2020 / Accepted: 16 September 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic is an extraordinary global emergency that has led to the implementation of unprecedented measures in order to stem the spread of the infection. Internationally, governments are enforcing measures such as travel bans, quarantine, isolation, and social distancing leading to an extended period of time at home. This has resulted in reductions in physical activity and changes in dietary intakes that have the potential to accelerate sarcopenia, a deterioration of muscle mass and function (more likely in older populations), as well as increases in body fat. These changes in body composition are associated with a number of chronic, lifestyle diseases including cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes, osteoporosis, frailty, cognitive decline, and depression. Furthermore, CVD, diabetes, and elevated body fat are associated with greater risk of COVID-19 infection and more severe symptomology, underscoring the importance of avoiding the development of such morbidities. Here we review mechanisms of sarcopenia and their relation to the current data on the R. Kirwan (*) : F. Perez de Heredia School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK e-mail: [email protected] D. McCullough : I. G. Davies : C. Stewart Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK T. Butler (*) Department of Clinical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Chester, Chester, UK e-mail: [email protected]
effects of COVID-19 confinement on physical activity, dietary habits, sleep, and stress as well as extended bed rest due to COVID-19 hospitalization. The potential of these factors to lead to an increased likelihood of muscle loss and chronic disease will be discussed. By offering a number of home-based strategies including resistance exercise, higher protein intakes and supplementation, we can potentially guide public health authorities to avoid a lifestyle disease and rehabilitation crisis postCOVID-19. Such strategies may also serve as useful preventative measures for reducing the likelihood of sarcopenia in general and in the event of future periods of isolation. Keywords COVID-19 . Sarcopenia . Obesity . Inflammation . Physical activity . Appetite regulation
Introduction Sarcopenia is the age-associated decline in muscle mass, strength, and quality that begins as early as the fourth decade of life and is a major contributor to poor health and disability in older adults [1, 2]. The progressive loss of muscle mass and the concomitant decline in muscle strength (dynapenia) are associated with a large and diverse group of pathologies including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) [3], cardiovascular disease (CVD) [4], frailty
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