Seed morphology and fatty acids composition among Flax populations
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Seed morphology and fatty acids composition among Flax populations Seyed Mehdi Talebi1 · Fariba Amini1 · Mehry Askary1 · Somayeh Farahani1 · Alex Matsyura2,3 Received: 26 November 2019 / Revised: 20 March 2020 / Accepted: 20 March 2020 © Botanical Society of Sao Paulo 2020
Abstract Flax (Linum usitassimum L.) of family Linaceae is one of the most important crops, which has been widely used from ancient times. The aim of the study was to examine seed morphological characteristics and fatty acids differences among 13 populations of flax (11 from Iran, one from Turkey and one from USA). We studied six morphological variables of seeds in 50 replications. The methyl esters of seeds fatty acids were analyzed using GC. We detected that the flax seeds shape and color were stable among the populations, whereas ANOVA proved significant variations for all the quantitative seed morphological features. Moreover, we found the main fatty acids of the seed oil remained consistent over the ecological and geographical ranges of the populations, except for Khorasan and Turkey populations differed from the rest by their second main fatty acid. We registered that the amounts of main fatty acids differed among the populations and ANOVA test proved significant differences for most of the identified fatty acids. In addition, significant relationships were registered between some fatty acids. The populations were clustered in UPGMA tree and PCO plot into three distinct groups. CA joined plot and PCA biplot demonstrated that each group had specific type and amount of fatty acid. Therefore, we defined three chemotypes: petroselinic acid, linoleic and linolenic acids, and oleic acid. Although, studied ecological factors influenced some fatty acids amounts, populations from different phytogeographical regions clustered closely as chemotypes. This revealed that populations of each chemotype have been originated from the same diversity center, and some secondary diversity centers exist for flax in the world. Keywords Climatic factors · Ecological and geographical ranges · Genetic factors · Habitat · Linum usitassimum
1 Introduction Jia and Sun (2012) have stated that plant seed oils are used as food for humans or animals, and also industrial materials. In addition, seed oils are an increasingly important bioenergy resource because investigations have showed that these oils are renewable and environmentally safe. The scientific name of flax is Linum usitatissimum L. (Linaceae). This plant is a versatile, blue-flowered crop (Morris 2007). L. usitatissimum is a multi-purpose crop, and its importance is showed by the fact that different parts of * Alex Matsyura [email protected] 1
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak 38156‑8‑8349, Iran
2
Altai State University, Barnaul, Russian Federation
3
Tomsk State Univerasity, Tomsk, Russian Federation
the plant have specific economic uses. According to previous investigations (Vavilov 1926; Zohary and Hopf 2000) the origin center of cultivated f
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