Separation Techniques
This chapter deals with the importance of analytical chemistry and more particularly the separation techniques in the field of conservation science. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC) are mainly developed. The princi
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Separation Techniques Catherine Vieillescazes, Isabel Sierra and Sonia Morante-Zarcero
2.1 High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Gas Chromatography Vieillescazes Catherine Abstract This chapter deals with the importance of analytical chemistry and more particularly the separation techniques in the field of conservation science. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC) are mainly developed. The principles of the methods, some information about the methodology and their evaluation are discussed.
2.1.1 In Which Cases is the Method Used in Conservation Science Chemistry was first applied to the conservation field starting back in the eighteenth century, and, due to the increased number of collections exhibited in the museums of Europe, gradually assumed a fundamental role. Nowadays, analytical chemistry is central to resolve topics of interest in the cultural heritage field, as it offers
C. Vieillescazes (&) Laboratory of Chemistry Applied to Art and Archaeology, 33 rue Louis Pasteur, F-84000 Avignon, France e-mail: [email protected] I. Sierra S. Morante-Zarcero Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Department, ESCET, Rey Juan Carlos University, Móstoles, Spain e-mail: [email protected]
E. A. Varella (ed.), Conservation Science for the Cultural Heritage, Lecture Notes in Chemistry 79, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-30985-4_2, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
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precious elements about the nature and composition of the original materials, as well as their degradation processes having occurred throughout the years. The chemical characterisation of the constituting materials allows discovering the abundant information enclosed in a work of art, thus providing a better knowledge. Chromatographic techniques [1, 2] are widely used in analytical chemistry [3–6]. Employed in the study of organic materials, they allow the identification of a large number of them. Among the various processes, gas chromatography (GC) [7] and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [8, 9] are two methods frequently used in the study of cultural heritage objects [10, 11]. Indeed, chemistry, in its analytical part, brings information, both qualitative and quantitative, essential for a better understanding of these materials, mainly constituted of organic compounds [12, 13]. That is the reason why GC can successfully be applied to the study of archaeological adhesives, balms of mummification [14], inks [15] and asphalts present in the composition of museum objects [16], binding media and wax sculptures [17]. GC can apply only to volatile samples or easily vaporised without decomposition. Therefore, the analysis of complex organic compounds with high molecular weight or high polarity cannot be realised. HPLC is applied to pigments [18], colouring agents in textiles [19, 20], tannins [21, 22], resins [23, 24] and binding media [25, 26]. In fact, GC and HPLC are two complementary techniques. Each one has its own specificity, the choice of the method depe
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