Simulating dispatchable grid services provided by flexible building loads: State of the art and needed building energy m
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Simulating dispatchable grid services provided by flexible building loads: State of the art and needed building energy modeling improvements Review Article
Venkatesh Chinde1 (), Adam Hirsch2, William Livingood1, Anthony R. Florita1 1. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401, USA 2. School of Sustainability, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) Herzliya, P.O. Box 167, Herzliya 46150, Israel
Abstract
Keywords
End-use electrical loads in residential and commercial buildings are evolving into flexible and cost-effective resources to improve electric grid reliability, reduce costs, and support increased hosting of distributed renewable generation. This article reviews the simulation of utility services delivered by buildings for the purpose of electric grid operational modeling. We consider services delivered to (1) the high-voltage bulk power system through the coordinated action of many, distributed building loads working together, and (2) targeted support provided to the operation of low-voltage electric distribution grids. Although an exhaustive exploration is not possible, we emphasize the ancillary services and voltage management buildings can provide and summarize the gaps in our ability to simulate them with traditional building energy modeling (BEM) tools, suggesting pathways for future research and development.
building energy modeling grid-interactive efficient buildings, demand response, load flexibility, thermostatically controlled loads, reduced order models, heating ventilation and air conditioning
Article History Received: 10 February 2020 Revised: 11 May 2020 Accepted: 01 July 2020 © Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
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Introduction and background
E-mail: [email protected]
Building Thermal, Lighting, and Acoustics Modeling
This article provides a comprehensive literature review of state-of-the-art strategies to simulate the provision of dispatchable demand response grid services using residential and commercial building loads (industrial loads are outside the scope of this article). Its purpose is to highlight modifications to building energy modeling (BEM) tools needed to make them better suited to modeling buildinggrid interactions. This new modeling need accompanies a gradual paradigm shift of buildings from their traditional role as passive consumers of energy to being flexible “prosumers” that may at times export power back into the grid. The evolution of buildings into prosumers is due in large part to the technological innovation and cost reduction of multiple
distributed energy resources for generating and storing energy such as rooftop solar PV, stationary batteries, thermal energy storage, and electric vehicle batteries. All of these energy resources may be connected “behind the meter” and will need to be coordinated with a building’s flexible loads to provide the greatest benefit the building owner and the electrical grid. Buildings designed to provide grid services in this manner ty
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