Soles of the Feet Meditation Intervention for People with Intellectual Disability and Problems with Anger and Aggression
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Soles of the Feet Meditation Intervention for People with Intellectual Disability and Problems with Anger and Aggression—a Feasibility Study Judith L. Roberts 1 & Jonathan Williams 2 & Gemma Maria Griffith 3 & Robert S. P. Jones 1 & Richard P. Hastings 4 & Rebecca Crane 1 & Lucy Bryning 5 & Zoe Hoare 6 & Rhiannon Tudor Edwards 5
# The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Objectives Mindfulness-based programs (MBPs) such as the ‘Soles of the Feet’ (SoF) meditation have been shown to be effective for reducing aggressive behavior in people with intellectual disabilities (ID). Research on SoF has shown promising results in the USA but there is an absence of evidence for the approach in the United Kingdom (UK). The aim of this research was to adapt SoF for the UK and to assess the feasibility and cost of implementing the SoF intervention in a UK healthcare setting (UK SoF). Methods The UK SoF intervention consisted of a manualized protocol delivered over a six-week period by National Health Service staff to people with ID and their carers. This was a single-arm study with three measurement time points (baseline and 2and 6-month follow-ups). Results The UK SoF intervention was shown to be feasible, with recruitment, retention, and adherence figures exceeding the minimum cut-off of 50%. Costs were £2426 per participant, or £2766 when including set-up costs such as therapist training. Although not a primary aim, data suggest that at 6-month follow-up, there was a reduction in scores for anger and aggressive behavior, and depression and anxiety showed improvement. In addition, people with ID were able to self-report on their healthrelated quality of life. Conclusions This study has indicated areas where the protocol could be further improved, and it is recommended that the research should move to a pilot trial before the development of a full randomized control trial. Keywords Intellectual disability . Mindfulness . Aggressive behavior . Feasibility study . Costs
Approximately 20% of adults with an intellectual disability (ID) engage in some form of challenging behavior (Bowring et al. 2017; Jones et al. 2008) which commonly includes aggressive behavior towards other people or property/objects.
Aggressive behavior occurs for 8.3% of adults with ID known to services (Bowring et al. 2017) and is persistent over time (Totsika et al. 2008). For example, Totsika et al. found that 70% of adults with ID engaging in significant aggressive
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01454-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Judith L. Roberts [email protected] 1
School of Psychology, Bangor University, Brigantia Building, Penrhallt Road, Bangor LL57 2AS, UK
2
Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service, Rhyl, Denbighshire, UK
3
Centre for Mindfulness Research and Practice, School of Psychology, Bangor University, Brigantia Building, Penrhallt Road, Bangor LL57 2AS,, UK
4
Centre for Educational Development App
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