Solid State Lighting Reliability Part 2 Components to Systems
In the past four years we have witnessed rapid development in technology and significant market penetration in many applications for LED systems. New processes and new materials have been introduced; new standards and new testing methods have been develop
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Willem Dirk van Driel Xuejun Fan Guo Qi Zhang Editors
Solid State Lighting Reliability Part 2 Components to Systems
Solid State Lighting Technology and Application Series Volume 3
Series Editors Guo Qi Zhang, Eindhoven, The Netherlands Wu Ling, Beijing, China
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8864
Willem Dirk van Driel • Xuejun Fan Guo Qi Zhang Editors
Solid State Lighting Reliability Part 2 Components to Systems
Editors Willem Dirk van Driel Philips Lighting ‘s-Hertogenbosch Hertogenbosch Noord-Brabant, The Netherlands
Xuejun Fan Lamar University Beaumont, TX, USA
Delft University of Technology EEMCS Faculty Delft, Zuid-Holland The Netherlands Guo Qi Zhang Delft University of Technology EEMCS Faculty Delft, Zuid-Holland The Netherlands
ISSN 2196-4203 ISSN 2196-4211 (electronic) Solid State Lighting Technology and Application Series ISBN 978-3-319-58174-3 ISBN 978-3-319-58175-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-58175-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2012943579 © Springer International Publishing AG 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface
Human civilization revolves around artificial light. From its earliest incarnation as firelight to its most recent as electric light, artificial light is at the core of our living. It has freed us from the temporal and spatial constraints of daylight by allowing us to function equally well day and night, indoors and outdoors. It has evolved from open fire, candle, carbon arc lamp, incandescent lamp, and fluorescent lamp to what is now on our doorstep: solid-state lighting (SSL). SSL refers to a type of lighting that uses semiconductor lig
