Solid-State Metalized Reduction of Magnesium-Rich Low-Nickel Oxide Ores Using Coal as the Reductant Based on Thermodynam
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TRODUCTION
NICKEL is an important commodity that is widely used in military and civilian applications, such as electroplating and the production of stainless steel and other corrosion-resistant metal materials, petrochemical catalysts, electronic and electrode materials, and hydrogen storage and ceramic materials.[1,2] The need for nickel increases with an average growing rate of 4 pct per annum.[3,4] Nickel reserves are usually divided into BAOZHONG MA is with the School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P.R. China, and with the Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, P.R. China, and also with the Beijing General Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Beijing 100160, P.R. China. PENG XING, CHENGYAN WANG, and YONGQIANG CHEN are with the School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing. Contact e-mails: [email protected], [email protected] WEIJIAO YANG is with the Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, and with the Beijing General Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. HUA WANG is with the Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology. Manuscript submitted November 30, 2016. Article published online April 24, 2017. METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B
oxide base reserves and sulfide base reserves.[5] Survey data in 2008 showed that the former accounted for 60 pct of the total nickel reserves worldwide, which are currently an important material.[6–13] Nickel oxide ores are abundant in Yunnan Province, China. Survey data in 2002 showed that the nickel reserves of nickel ores located in Yuanjiang, Western Yunnan, Wenshan, and Huili reach 430,000, 600,000, 430,000, and 400,000 tons, respectively. However, less than 25 pct of these nickel resources can be economically treated using the existing technologies.[3,14,15] The issue can be attributed to the common features of this type of nickel oxide ore, such as its low-nickel content and high magnesium content. In other words, magnesium-rich low-nickel oxide ores are difficult to utilize effectively. The current primary technologies for magnesium-rich nickel oxide ores include the atmospheric pressure sulfuric acid leaching (AL),[16–18] the rotary kiln–electric furnace (RKEF) process,[19–21] and the Oyama smelting (OS) process.[22] Using AL to treat magnesium-rich nickel oxide ores in Yunnan province consumes a considerable amount of sulfuric acid (approximately 900 kg H2SO4/t-ore). Moreover, problems such as the large amount of waste residues, non-negligible valuable metal loss in the purity process, and refractory waste
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water hinder the widespread use of this technology. The RKEF, which has several disadvantages of high investment cost, large power consumption, and high production cost, is a mature technology for treating magnesium-rich
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