Spatial and Temporal Reasoning
Qualitative reasoning about space and time - a reasoning at the human level - promises to become a fundamental aspect of future systems that will accompany us in daily activity. The aim of Spatial and Temporal Reasoning is to give a picture of current res
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Spatial and Temporal Reasoning edited by
Oliviero Stock IRST, Italy
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
ISBN 978-0-7923-4716-3 ISBN 978-0-585-28322-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-0-585-28322-7
Printed an acid-free paper
AII Rights Reserved © 1997 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1997 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without wriUen permission from the copyright owner.
TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE ABSTRACTS CONTRIBUTORS
Part I Overview 1. SPATIAL REPRESENTATION AND REASONING IN AI Laure Vieu Introduction 1.1 Ontologies of Space and Spatial Knowledge Representation 1.2 Overview of Approaches to Spatial Representation in AI 1.3 Classes of Spatial Reasoning 1.4 Conclusions 1.5 1.6 Acknowledgments 2.
2.1 2.2 2.3
2.4 2.5 2.6
2.7
Xl
xvi 3
5 7
17 33
39 40
REASONING ABOUT TIME AND ACTIONS IN AI
Alfonso Gerevini Introduction Modeling Time Reasoning About Time Reasoning About Actions and Change Temporal Reasoning in Planning Reasoning About Temporal Relations Conclusions
Part II Spatial Representation and Reasoning 3. SPATIAL ENTITIES
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10
viii
Roberto Casati and Achille C. Varzi Introduction Parts and Wholes The Topological Option The Hole Trouble The Compositional Approach Negative Parts Hybrid Sums Negative Parts of What? The Need for Explicit Theories Concluding Remarks
43 44 45 48
53 58 67
71
73 75 76
78 81 83 86 88 90
95
VI
4.
TABLE OF CONTENTS REPRESENTING AND REASONING WITH QUALITATIVE SPATIAL RELATIONS
4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9
Anthony G. Cohn, Brandon Bennett, John Gooday and Nicholas M. Gotts Introduction An Introduction to the Region Connection Calculus (RCC) Expressing Topological Shape in Terms of C Reasoning with the RCC Calculus Shape Representation using a Convex Hull Primitive Spatial Reasoning with Decidable Logics Some Applications of RCC Spatial Regions with Uncertain Boundaries Final Comments
5.
SPATIAL ONTOLOGY
5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10
Andrew U. Frank Introduction Geographic Information Systems Build on Ontologies Problems with Ad-Hoc Ontologies in GIS Use of Ontologies in GIS and Similar Information Systems Two Different Types of Uses for Ontologies How to Make Ontologies Usable Open Questions for Ontologies for GIS Using Ontologies: Merging Multiple Theories Research Topics Conclusions
6.
LANGUAGE, SPATIAL COGNITION, AND VISION
6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6
Annette Herskovits Introduction: Speaking About the Spatial World Usages of the Prepositions Schematization The Fluidity of Prepositional Meaning The Interface Between Language and Spatial Cognition Conclusions
Part III Temporal Reasoning ACTIONS AND EVENTS IN INTERVAL 7. TEMPORAL LOGIC
7.1 7.2
James F. Allen and Geor
