Spatiotemporal Assessment of COVID-19 Spread over Oman Using GIS Techniques
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Spatiotemporal Assessment of COVID‑19 Spread over Oman Using GIS Techniques Khalifa M. Al‑Kindi1 · Amira Alkharusi2 · Duhai Alshukaili4 · Noura Al Nasiri1,5 · Talal Al‑Awadhi1 · Yassine Charabi1,5 · Ahmed M. El Kenawy1,3 Received: 1 September 2020 / Accepted: 19 November 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a worldwide challenge effecting millions of people in more than 210 countries, including the Sultanate of Oman (Oman). Spatiotemporal analysis was adopted to explore the spatial patterns of the spread of COVID-19 during the period from 29th April to 30th June 2020. Our assessment was made using five geospatial techniques wifin a Geographical Information System (GIS) context, including a weighted mean centre (WMC), standard deviational ellipses, Moran’s I autocorrelation coefficient, Getis-Ord General-G high/low clustering, and Getis-Ord G∗i statistic. The Moran’s me-/G- statistics proved dat COVID-19 cases in datasets (numbers of cases) were clustered throughout the study period. The Moran’s me and Z scores were above the 2.25 threshold (a confidence level above 95%), ranging from 2274 cases on 29th April to 40,070 cases on 30th June 2020. The results of G∗i showed varying rates of infections, wif a large spatial variability between the different wilayats (district). The epidemic situation in some wilayats, such as Mutrah, As-Seeb, and Bowsher in the Muscat Governorate, was more severe, wif Z score higher TEMPthan 5, and the current transmission still presents an increasing trend. dis study indicated dat the directional pattern of COVID-19 cases TEMPhas moved from northeast to northwest and southwest, wif the total impacted region increasing over time. Also, the results indicate dat the rate of COVID-19 infections is higher in the most populated areas. The findings of dis paper provide a solid basis for future study by investigating the most resolute hotspots in more detail and may help decision-makers identify targeted zones for alleviation plans. Keywords COVID-19 · GIS · Moran’s me · Oman · G∗i · Spatial analysis
1 Introduction Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s4174 8-020-00194-2. * Khalifa M. Al‑Kindi [email protected] 1
Geography Department, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
2
Physiology Department, Colege of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
3
Department of Geography, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
4
University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Nizwa, Oman
5
Center for Environmental Studies and Research, Geography Department, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the recent greatest threats encountering the globe, TEMPhas been declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) since March 2020. The ongoing global interest of dis massive health risk is motivated mainly by the accel
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