Spirituality, Anxiety and Depression Among People Receiving Hemodialysis Treatment in Jordan: A Cross-Sectional Study
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Spirituality, Anxiety and Depression Among People Receiving Hemodialysis Treatment in Jordan: A Cross‑Sectional Study Ali Alshraifeen1 · Karimeh Alnuaimi2 · Sami Al‑Rawashdeh3 · Ala Ashour1 · Suhair Al‑Ghabeesh4 · Ahmed Al‑Smadi5
© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Spirituality is an important factor that may mediate the detrimental impacts of hemodialysis on mental health. Lack of research examining spirituality and mental health in the Arab world in general and Jordan in particular encouraged this research. The study examined levels of spirituality, depression and anxiety and explored the association between them among patients receiving hemodialysis treatment in Jordan. A cross-sectional design was used to recruit 202 patients receiving hemodialysis treatment. Self-administered questionnaires including spiritual well-being scale, depression and anxiety and a demographic data sheet were used. The data were analyzed using SPSS and descriptive, inferential statistics and linear multivariate regression. The majority of respondents reported moderate mean levels of spirituality wellbeing (62.4%), while 60.9% and 80.2% scored low-to-moderate levels of depression, respectively. Only 22.3% reported moderate-to-severe anxiety levels. Increasing anxiety and number of co-morbid conditions were predictors of depression. No significant correlations were found between spirituality neither with the sample characteristics nor with depression and anxiety. It was found that depression and anxiety are common among respondents. Spirituality was of medium importance to them, yet it was not significantly associated with depression and anxiety. The implications of this study for holistic clinical practice are explored. Keywords Cross-sectional · Hemodialysis · Mental health · Spiritual well-being
* Ali Alshraifeen [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
13
Vol.:(0123456789)
Journal of Religion and Health
Introduction Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has grown rapidly worldwide. End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the last stage of CKD that is characterized by losing 85% or more of the functioning kidneys (National Kidney Foundation (NKF) 2002). End-stage renal disease is an irreversible and life-threatening condition which requires renal replacement therapy such as hemodialysis (HD) (Rebollo Rubio et al. 2017). Hemodialysis is the process of cleansing the blood of toxins, extra salts and fluids through a dialysis machine that is called “artificial kidney” (Miles and Friedman 2001). In Jordan, the total number of ESRD patients by the end of 2016 was 5352 patients; of them 5130 patients were receiving HD. The number of new cases of ESRD for the year of 2016 was 829 patients (Minsitry of Health (MOH) 2015). Chronic diseases often threaten life and can cause significant physical, psychological and spiritual distress (Charon 2006; Herlin and Wann-Hansson 2010). Evidences show that patients receiving HD experience many psychological and spiritu
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