Stable Plant Food Allergens II: Storage Proteins
Legumes, nuts, and seeds are important triggers of food allergy, frequently causing severe symptoms and even life-threatening anaphylactic reactions. The major allergens responsible are storage proteins from three families: 2S albumins, 7S globulins, and
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Stable Plant Food Allergens II: Storage Proteins C. Radauer, J. Kleine-Tebbe, and K. Beyer
5.1
Introduction
Seeds are among the most important foods of plant origin. Based on botanical relatedness, type, and use of seeds, a distinction can be made between cereal grains (e.g., wheat, rye, rice, corn, oats), legumes (e.g., peanuts, beans, lentils, chickpeas), tree nuts (e.g., walnut, hazelnut, almond), and others not classifiable into any of these groups (e.g., buckwheat, sesame, mustard). Seeds are rich in proteins – chiefly storage proteins – which, after germination, serve as a nutrient supply for the seedling. These storage proteins are of similar composition for all seeds except the grains, with the majority belonging to three protein families: 2S albumins, 7S globulins, and 11S globulins. These groups are also the major allergens in seeds and are responsible for most cases of primary allergies to nuts, legumes, and other seeds This contribution is based on a publication that appeared in the Allergo Journal in 2012 (Radauer C, Kleine-Tebbe J, Beyer K: Stabile pflanzliche Nahrungsmittelallergene: Speicherproteine. Allergo J 2012; 21: 155–158) and which has now been updated, expanded, and translated into English as a chapter for this book. The authors gratefully thank Dr. Steve Love, PhD, Laguna Niguel, CA, USA, for reading the manuscript, helpful suggestions, and editorial assistance with the English translation. C. Radauer, MD, Prof. (*) Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria e-mail: [email protected] J. Kleine-Tebbe, MD, Prof. Allergy & Asthma Center Westend, Outpatient Clinic Hanf, Ackermann & Kleine-Tebbe, Berlin, Germany e-mail: [email protected] K. Beyer, MD, Prof. Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany e-mail: [email protected] © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017 J. Kleine-Tebbe, T. Jakob (eds.), Molecular Allergy Diagnostics, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-42499-6_5
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except grains. This chapter addresses the biochemical and immunological properties of these proteins as well as their relevance in molecular allergy diagnostics. The chief storage proteins of the grain seeds (gliadins and glutenins) will not be addressed here.
5.2
Allergen Nomenclature
The 2S albumins belong to the prolamin superfamily, as do the bifunctional amylase and protease inhibitors in grains and the nonspecific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs). Important members of this family are Ara h 2 and Ara h 6 from peanut, Jug r 1 from walnut, and Ses i 1 and Ses i 2 from sesame (⦿ Table 5.1). The 7S globulins (vicilins) and the 11S globulins (legumins) are distantly related and belong to the cupin superfamily. Important allergenic vicilins are Ara h 1 from peanut, Gly m 5 from soybean, and Jug r 2 from walnut. Legumins with allergenic properties are Ara h 3 from peanut, Gly m 6 from soybe
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