Status (on/off) of oipA gene: their associations with gastritis and gastric cancer and geographic origins
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Status (on/off) of oipA gene: their associations with gastritis and gastric cancer and geographic origins Mayara Luciana Sallas1 · Mônica Pezenatto dos Santos1 · Wilson Aparecido Orcini1 · Érica Boarato David1 · Rita Luiza Peruquetti1 · Spencer Luiz Marques Payão2 · Lucas Trevizani Rasmussen1,2 Received: 25 July 2018 / Revised: 30 August 2018 / Accepted: 24 September 2018 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2018
Abstract Virulence factors of H. pylori, such as outer inflammatory protein A (oipA), are closely involved in the development of gastric diseases such as chronic gastritis and gastric cancer. The functional status of oipA is regulated by a repair mechanism based on CT dinucleotide repeats that influence the reading frame, thus granting the gene a functional or nonfunctional status; in other words, the functional status of the oipA gene seems to be associated with the development of gastric diseases. This study sought to detect the presence of the oipA gene and to determine its functional status in patients with gastric diseases. We analyzed 516 biopsy samples (101 with normal gastric tissue, 365 with chronic gastritis, and 50 with gastric cancer). The presence of oipA was determined by PCR, and the gene status was determined using sequencing reactions. The oipA gene was found to be associated with the development of chronic gastritis, and the “on” status of the gene was the most frequent in patients with gastric cancer who were from Western countries. The CT repeats revealed geographic characteristics, but it is the functional status of the oipA gene that seems to be involved in the development of gastric diseases and in the development of gastric cancer in particular. Keywords Gastric cancer · Helicobacter pylori. · oipA · Virulence factor
Introduction Helicobacter pylori has been recognized as a type I carcinogen and classified as the most common etiologic agent of infection-related cancers (Zhang et al. 2017; Safaralizadeh et al. 2017). H. pylori is a spiral-shaped, Gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the human gastric mucosa through its production of urease. This enzyme neutralizes the acidic environment of the stomach by degrading urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide. Different gastric diseases develop as a result of H. pylori infection, and largely depend on the genetic variation of the bacterium and the production of Communicated by Erko Stackebrandt. * Lucas Trevizani Rasmussen [email protected] 1
Universidade do Sagrado Coração (USC), Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós-graduação, Irmã Arminda 10‑50, Jardim Brasil, Bauru, São Paulo CEP 17011‑160, Brazil
Faculdade de Medicina de Marília (FAMEMA), Laboratório de Genética, Marilia, São Paulo, Brazil
2
different virulence factors with different levels of pathogenicity, such as vacA, cagA, dupA, and oipA (Zhang et al. 2017, Su et al. 2016; Kao et al. 2016). Identified in 2000 (Yamaoka et al. 2000), oipA (outer inflammatory protein A) is an outer membrane protein that plays a role in both adhesion an
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