Sun Protection Intervention for Highway Workers: Long-Term Efficacy of UV Photography and Skin Cancer Information on Men
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Sun Protection Intervention for Highway Workers: Long-Term Efficacy of UV Photography and Skin Cancer Information on Men’s Protective Cognitions and Behavior Michelle L. Stock, Ph.D. & Meg Gerrard, Ph.D. & Frederick X. Gibbons, Ph.D. & Jennifer L. Dykstra, Ph.D. & Heike I. M. Mahler, Ph.D. & Laura A. Walsh & James A. Kulik, Ph.D.
Published online: 5 January 2010 # The Author(s) 2009. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com
Abstract Background The risk for skin cancer is increased among older males and outdoor workers who have high levels of ultraviolet (UV) exposure. Purpose This study was designed to examine the long-term efficacy of UV photography interventions on male outdoor workers, the potential mediators of its impact, and the efficacy of UV photography and skin cancer vs. aging information with this population. Methods One hundred forty-eight male outdoor workers were randomly assigned to one of four intervention conditions or a control condition in a two by two plus one
factorial design. The men in the intervention conditions received or did not receive a UV photo of their face and watched either a photoaging or skin cancer educational video. Participants completed pre-intervention, immediate postintervention, and 2-month and 1-year follow-up assessments. Results Analysis of covariance and structural equation modeling revealed that participants in the UV photography and cancer information interventions reported higher levels of sun protection cognitions, which were significant partial mediators of increases in sun protection behaviors and decreases in skin color. Conclusions This study provides evidence for effective sun protection interventions on male outdoor workers that may help reduce skin cancer risk.
M. L. Stock (*) : L. A. Walsh Department of Psychology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA e-mail: [email protected]
Keywords Sun protection . Intervention . Skin cancer . UV photos . Outdoor workers . Prevention
M. Gerrard Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH, USA
Introduction
F. X. Gibbons Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA J. L. Dykstra OMNI Institute, Denver, CO, USA H. I. M. Mahler : J. A. Kulik University of California, San Diego, CA, USA H. I. M. Mahler California State University, San Marcos, CA, USA
An estimated 1.3 million new cases of skin cancer are diagnosed annually in the United States, and 90% of them are due to sun exposure [1]. Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays has been implicated in the high levels of basal and squamous cell skin cancer, especially among people (primarily men) with jobs that involve intense sun exposure [2–4]. In addition, skin cancer rates are much higher among men than women and excessive UV exposure is a risk factor [1]. Although skin cancer is one of the most common cancers, it is also one of the most preventable. Daily protection from the sun can reduce lifetime UV exposure by more than 50% [5]. Protective behaviors, such as using
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sunscreen, wearing protect
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