Surface treatment of titanium by anodization and iron deposition: mechanical and biological properties
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Surface treatment of titanium by anodization and iron deposition: mechanical and biological properties Murali Krishna Duvvuru1, Lupeng Wu2, Nicole S. Lin3, Tao Xu3, Sahar Vahabzadeh1,a) 1
Department Department 3 Department a) Address all 2
of Mechanical Engineering, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, USA of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, USA correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected]
Received: 22 December 2019; accepted: 14 April 2020
Surface modification of titanium and titanium alloys is a common method to improve anchoring of bone tissue and implants in hard tissue engineering applications. In the current work, a combination of chemical and physical methods (anodization and physical vapor deposition) was used to roughen the titanium surface and deposit iron (Fe) on the surface of titanium at different thicknesses. The optimized thickness of 100 Å was selected for mechanical and biological characterization. We found that anodization increases the surface roughness of Ti from 21 ± 0 to 229 ± 9 nm, whereas Fe deposition does not change it significantly. Our results also showed that surface modification of Ti by anodization increases the proliferation of osteosarcoma cells at both time points, whereas Fe-deposited samples showed the lowest cellular activity. These results suggest that Fe-deposited Ti implants may be suitable candidates for patients with osteosarcoma, as the proliferation of malignant cells decreases in the presence of Fe.
Introduction Titanium (Ti) and its alloys are one of the most convenient metals in orthopaedic and dental tissue engineering applications [1]. However, their bioinert nature and lack of osseointegration cause the mobility of implant and its failure [2]. Introducing surface roughness is a promising tool to improve the mechanical attachment to the bone and overcome the failure issue. Chemical methods such as alkali or acidic treatment, electrochemical anodization, sol–gel deposition, and anodic oxidation are the most common routes to roughen the Ti surface [3, 4, 5, 6]. In addition to chemical methods, physical modification techniques including thermal and plasma spraying, physical vapour deposition (PVD), ion implantation, and deposition improve wear and corrosion resistance, and biological performance of implant [7, 8, 9, 10]. The purpose of the current research is to study the effects of chemical modification alone or in combination with physical method on mechanical and biological properties of commercially pure Ti (Cp-Ti). Among different chemical modification techniques, anodization has received significant attention, where a layer of titania (TiO2) nanotubes is formed on the surface of Ti through an electrochemical reaction. Studies have shown that the
ª Materials Research Society 2020
presence of nanotube layer improves protein adsorption, cell adhesion, and proliferation [11, 12, 13, 14]. Zhang et al. showed i
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