Swarm of magnetic nanoparticles steering in multi-bifurcation vessels under fluid flow
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RESEARCH PAPER
Swarm of magnetic nanoparticles steering in multi-bifurcation vessels under fluid flow Ali Kafash Hoshiar 1
&
Tuan-Anh Le 2 & Pietro Valdastri 3 & Jungwon Yoon 2
Received: 4 October 2019 / Revised: 26 December 2019 / Accepted: 29 January 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Magnetic drug targeting has emerged as a promising approach for enhancing the efficiency of drug delivery. Recent developments in real-time monitoring techniques have enabled the guidance of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in the vascular network. Despite recent developments in magnetic navigation, no comprehensive strategy for swarm of nanoparticles steering under fluid flow exists. This paper introduces a strategy for MNPs steering in a vascular network under fluid flow. In the proposed scheme, the swarm of nanoparticles are initially guided to an area that guarantees their successful guidance towards a desired direction (called safe zone) using an asymmetrical field function to handle swarm of nanoparticles. Then, a transporter field function is used to transfer the particles between the safe zones, and finally a sustainer field function is used to keep the particles within the safe zone. A steering algorithm is proposed to enhance the targeting performance in the multi-bifurcation vessel. Utilizing the proposed concept, a high success rate for targeting is achieved in simulations, which demonstrates the potential and limitations of swarm of nanoparticles steering under fluid flow. Keywords Swarm . Magnetic nanoparticles . Electromagnetic actuation . Blood vessels . Targeted drug delivery
1 Introduction In recent years many small-scale devices have emerged for mechanical interventions and biological studies [1–3]. Magnetic manipulation systems have been developed as an efficient, minimally invasive approach for medical interventions [4]. Targeted drug delivery (TDD) has emerged as one of the high potential applications of magnetic manipulation. The primary goal of TDD is to deliver drugs to the target position. Magnetic actuation-based systems have been developed to elevate the drug uptake. The principle of magnetic drug * Ali Kafash Hoshiar [email protected] * Jungwon Yoon [email protected] 1
School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
2
School of Integrated Technology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
3
Storm Lab UK, School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS29JT, UK
targeting (MDT) [5] is to attach the drug to the magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and use an external magnetic field to guide the therapeutic agent to the desired location [6, 7]. Multi-coil magnetic systems have been introduced as a solution for precise magnetic steering [8–10]. More recently, the swarm of particle based microrobots are steered under static flow conditions [11, 12]. Despite interesting results, the lack of real-time in-vivo monit
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