Techniques and applications for the study and preservation of the cultural heritage of Extremadura (Spain)
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NON-DESTRUCTIVE TECHNIQUES FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE
Techniques and applications for the study and preservation of the cultural heritage of Extremadura (Spain) A. Martín Sánchez1 · M. J. Nuevo1 Received: 4 November 2019 / Accepted: 26 June 2020 © Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei 2020
Abstract In this paper, several techniques applied to different studies of artistic or archaeological objects carried out on different scenarios ranging from prehistoric works to the more modern paintings, passing through Roman or mediaeval samples, are described. Keywords Historic and cultural-heritage artworks · EDXRF · XRD · FTIR · SEM–EDX
1 Introduction The application of spectroscopic techniques to the study of historic and cultural heritage is a crucial tool to increase the knowledge of a communal identity (Mantler and Schreiner 2000, 2001; Clark 2002; Kallithrakas-Kontos and Maravelaki-Kalaitzaki 2005; Bitossi et al. 2005; Gavrilov et al. 2014; Doménech-Carbó and Osete-Cortina 2016). Energydispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX) among others have become widespread for the characterization of pigments used in artworks, such as paintings, frescos, rupestrian pictures, sculptures, vellum inks, etc., as well as for the study of mortars, binders, coatings, stuccos, etc. In addition, other techniques such as thermogravimetric methods have also been used: thermogravimetry (TG), or mercury intrusion porosity (MIP) (Gutman et al. 2016; Issa et al. 2020). Among the non-destructive methods EDXRF, XRD or attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR-IR) can be cited. Other techniques such as FTIR, SEM–EDX, TG, or MIP This contribution is a peer-reviewed version of a paper presented at the international meeting of the non-destructive techniques on cultural heritage (NDT-CH 2018) held October 12, 2018 in Buenos Aires (Argentina). * A. Martín Sánchez [email protected] 1
Department of Physics, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
could be classified as slight-invasive methods. Nevertheless, the border between them is diffuse because in some cases, and depending on the device used, a given technique can be used directly to the sample without previous treatment, being so a non-destructive method. EDXRF is typically a non-destructive and non-aggressive technique which can be applied in situ in most of the cases. That is a crucial question because in numerous instances artworks or objects cannot be transported to a laboratory for the analysis due to the size (sculptures, pictures, frescos, etc.) or because of its great value (invaluable and unique artworks kept in the custody of a museum). Although today there are devices performing XRD in situ, this technique has been usually applied in samples of millimeter size in the laboratory; in this way this should be classified as slightly aggressive. And finally, FTIR, SEM–EDX, TGA/DSC and MIP must be classified in the same sense such as slightly i
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