The effects of tricaine mesylate on arthropods: crayfish, crab and Drosophila
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
The effects of tricaine mesylate on arthropods: crayfish, crab and Drosophila Catherine E. Stanley1 · Rebecca Adams2 · Jeremy Nadolski3 · Ellora Amrit1 · Matthew Barrett1 · Catherine Bohnett1 · Kelsey Campbell1 · Keegan Deweese1 · Sabbyasachi Dhar1 · Barbara Gillis1 · Carson Hill1 · Morgan Inks1 · Katrina Kozak1 · Alexa Larson1 · Ibraheem Murtaza1 · Destaneh Nichols1 · Rafael Roberts1 · Hannah Tyger1 · Courtney Waterbury1 · Robin L. Cooper1 Received: 26 December 2019 / Accepted: 20 May 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Tricaine mesylate, also known as MS-222, was investigated to characterize its effects on sensory neurons, synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction, and heart rate in invertebrates. Three species were examined: Drosophila melanogaster, blue crab (Callinectes sapidus), and red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). Intracellular measures of action potentials in motor neurons of the crayfish demonstrated that MS-222 dampened the amplitude, suggesting that voltage-gated Na + channels are blocked by MS-222. This is likely the mechanism behind the reduced activity measured in sensory neurons and depressed synaptic transmission in all three species as well as reduced cardiac function in the larval Drosophila. To address public access to data, a group effort was used for analysis of given data sets, blind to the experimental design, to gauge analytical accuracy. The determination of a threshold in analysis for measuring extracellular recorded sensory events is critical and is not easily performed with commercial software. Graphic abstract
Keywords Sensory · Anesthetics · Invertebrate · Crustacean · Insect · Cardiac · Neuromuscular · MS-222
Introduction * Robin L. Cooper [email protected] 1
Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
2
Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41099, USA
3
Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Benedictine University, Lisle, IL 60532, USA
MS-222 (also known as tricaine mesylate [TMS]) is an anesthetic commonly used to relax and anesthetize fish for tagging, assessment, or experimental studies (Collymore et al. 2016; Gilbert and Wood 1957). MS-222 is similar in chemical structure to benzocaine, another common anesthetic. Given that MS-222 is used in aquatic facilities in which fish are injected with or held in a bath containing MS-222, it is of interest to examine if the mechanism of action may be similar for invertebrates such as aquatic
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crustaceans. Crayfish, crabs, and lobsters are also used for food consumption (SOFIA 2018), and the slaughter of them has raised ethical concerns on sedation prior to slaughter for human consumption (Roth and Øines 2010; Diggles 2018; Weineck et al. 2018). It appears that MS-222 is a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker, which is the mechanism of its anesthetic action as examined in vertebrates (Butterworth and Strichar
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