The Female Electrocardiogram Special Repolarization Features, Gender
This book reviews the promising new electrocardiographic (ECG) predictors of cardiac morbidity and mortality with the primary objective being to evaluate gender differences in special ECG features and in ECG predictors for the risk of adverse cardiac even
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The Female Electrocardiogram Special Repolarization Features, Gender Differences, and the Risk of Adverse Cardiac Events
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The Female Electrocardiogram
Pentti M. Rautaharju
The Female Electrocardiogram Special Repolarization Features, Gender Differences, and the Risk of Adverse Cardiac Events
Pentti M. Rautaharju Division of Public Health Sciences Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC USA
ISBN 978-3-319-15292-9 ISBN 978-3-319-15293-6 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-15293-6
(eBook)
Library of Congress Control Number: 2015934580 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Dedicated to my wife Dr. Farida Rautaharju, who collaborated with me for over a quarter of a century in operating EPICARE, a core ECG center for epidemiological studies and clinical trials.
Preface
Happy Hearts and Broken Hearts In many industrialized countries including the USA, cardiovascular disease (CVD) continues to be the leading cause of death. Early epidemiological and clinical studies on coronary heart disease (CHD) focused almost exclusively on men. CHD was considered to be a male disease, and women's health issues had a low priority. Political pressure gradually changed the situation, and as a result, major research programs addressing women's health issues were introduced, such as the large-scale Women's Health Initiative (WHI) study in 1991. Since then, women have been increasingly included in CHD intervention efforts, but substantial gender differences still remain in CVD prevalence and mortality. The number of heart attacks or fatal CHD annually in women equals that in men but with a shift in time by 10 years. Differences in population demographics account for the fact that in terms of absolute numbers, more women than men are living
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