The Frugal Innovator Creating Change on a Shoestring Budget

This insightful book looks at the phenomenon of low-cost innovation and explores what we can learn from the innovators in developing nations who are making amazing technical and social advances with scarce capital and resources. Charles Leadbeater&nb

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The Frugal Innovator

Charles Leadbeater Cr Sh eat oe ing str C in ha g Bu nge dg on et a

© Charles Leadbeater 2014 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2014 978-1-137-33536-4 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2014 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-46310-7 ISBN 978-1-137-33537-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137335371 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India.

For Iris M. Bedell, the original frugal innovator

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Contents

Acknowledgements

viii

Preface: The Surfer and the Wave

1

Ask for the Impossible

2

The Rush

3

The Squeeze

4

The Crunch

5

The Swell

6

Lean

7

Simple

8

Clean

96

9

Social

121

19 34 46

58 78

Who, How, Where?

11

In Reverse

12

Our Frugal Future

140

159 181

189

Bibliography

194

196

vi i

Index

1

8

10

References

x

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank all the people who have made this book possible. I have drawn on the intellectual inspiration of many sources, including C. K. Prahalad’s groundbreaking work The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid and the pioneering Jugaad Innovation by Navi Radjou, Jaideep Prabhu and Simone Ahuja. The many others whose work I have learned from are noted in the bibliography and references. Much of the research for the book came through research projects supported by Michael Stevenson when he was running Cisco’s education business. Other ideas