The impact of cardiovascular risk factors on global longitudinal strain over a decade in the general population: the cop
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ORIGINAL PAPER
The impact of cardiovascular risk factors on global longitudinal strain over a decade in the general population: the copenhagen city heart study Kristoffer Grundtvig Skaarup1 · Mats Christian Højbjerg Lassen1 · Jacob Louis Marott2 · Sofie R. Biering‑Sørensen1 · Peter Godsk Jørgensen1,2 · Merete Appleyard2 · Jens Berning2,3 · Nis Høst2,4 · Gorm Jensen2 · Peter Schnohr2 · Peter Søgaard2,5 · Gunnar Gislason1,2,6 · Rasmus Møgelvang2,7,8,9 · Tor Biering‑Sørensen1,2,9 Received: 9 March 2020 / Accepted: 1 June 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Global longitudinal strain (GLS) declines throughout adult-life as the LV remodels and adapts. Information on the impact of cardiac risk factors such as male sex, obesity, smoking status, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes on GLS. over time has not yet been investigated. The present prospective longitudinal study included 689 participants of the 4th and 5th Copenhagen City Heart Study who had GLS measured at both timepoints. Mean age was 51 years and 45% were male. All participants underwent two echocardiographic examinations median 10.4 (IQR: 10.2, 10.9) years apart. Average decline in GLS during follow-up was -0.7%. High age, male sex, high body mass index, and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) proved to be significantly associated with an accelerated decline in GLS. In a multivariable regression model including all the investigated cardiovascular risk factors, age (stand. β-coef. = −0.10, P = 0.005), male sex (stand. β-coef. = −0.16, P
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