The Impact of Retained Austenite Characteristics on the Two-Body Abrasive Wear Behavior of Ultrahigh Strength Bainitic S
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ABRASIVE wear is quite detrimental in nature, accounting for almost 50 pct of industrial wear losses.[1–4] During an abrasive wear, material removal occurs when hard particles abrade against a relatively soft surface during their relative motion. Such scenarios are predominantly experienced during the digging, scrapping, and crushing actions in mining and mineral processing equipment.[4,5] In general, the severity of the abrasive wear is determined by the mechanism of interaction between the abrasive particles and the surface being subjected to wear.[6,7] Moreover, the dynamic abrasion system involves dissipation of the frictional energy (i.e., conversion of mechanical work BALAJI NARAYANASWAMY, Research Student, and ILANA TIMOKHINA and HOSSEIN BELADI, Senior Research Fellows, are with the Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia. Contact e-mail: [email protected] PETER HODGSON, Deputy Vice Chancellor, is with the Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, and also with the Office of DVC (Research), Deakin University. Manuscript submitted March 24, 2016. METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A
into heat) on to the wearing surface. The amount of frictional energy consumption is determined by the characteristics (i.e., mechanical and metallurgical properties) of the wearing material.[8–11] Nevertheless, the mechanical properties (i.e., hardness, fracture toughness, etc.) of the material are primarily related to the metallurgical features (i.e., microstructural phases).[12] It is, therefore, expected that the microstructure constituent characteristics such as size, morphology, composition, and volume fraction of the phases affect the abrasion behavior.[13,14] Microstructures with a combination of hard and soft phases can impart plastic deformation, which is considered to be highly beneficial in abrasive applications.[15–18] For example, the presence of martensite and ferrite can improve the abrasion resistance in dual-phase steels. Here, the martensite characteristics (i.e., carbon content and volume fraction) determine the abrasion resistance, as this property gradually deteriorates beyond a given martensite volume fraction depending on the steel composition. This is due to the brittle nature of the martensite phase offering relatively less fracture toughness and little resistance to the high stress levels associated with the abrasion.[19,20] On the other hand, bainitic phase can be a good
candidate to replace brittle martensite, as the bainite offers a wide range of mechanical properties in terms of tensile strength, hardness, and fracture toughness.[21] Conventional bainitic steels are often multiphase (i.e., a combination of ferrite, granular bainite/lower bainite, martensite, and retained austenite phases) and found to be beneficial in tribological applications.[21,22] Recent studies have also highlighted that low alloy steels containing residual austenite in their microstructure matrix is bound to increase their abrasive resistance.[23] In addition, advanced b
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