The importance of effective land use planning for reduction in earthquake catastrophe
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ORIGINAL PAPER
The importance of effective land use planning for reduction in earthquake catastrophe Yasemin Leventeli 1 & Ozgur Yilmazer 2 & Ilyas Yilmazer 3 Received: 17 November 2016 / Accepted: 16 September 2020 / Published online: 22 September 2020 # Saudi Society for Geosciences 2020
Abstract Over 60% of the countries just like Turkey have suffered from earthquakes. The observations have revealed that the buildings/ civil engineering structures in/on the rocky grounds did not get damaged by the earthquakes. The major reason behind it is that the modulus of elasticity of saturated rocks is million times greater than that of saturated soil units. Furthermore, while the saturated soil units are susceptible to liquefaction (shear strength approaches to zero) at varying degrees, rock units do not get liquefied. None of the structures on the rocky ground has been affected by the recent destructive earthquakes studied by the authors and/or their colleagues in Turkey and abroad. As also has been highlighted by Marmara (17 August 1999) and Van (23 October 2011) earthquakes, the civil engineering structures in/on rocky grounds, even adjacent to the epicenter, have not been affected by the destructive earthquakes in respective regions that are seismically active. It is quite explicit that the number of casualties in the settlements in/on rocky grounds is zero. In Turkey, the land required for housing is 1% of the country. However, 57% of the area is available for construction. The remaining 43% consists of forest, restricted zones, and the lands of fertile soil which are composed of soil plains and landslides. Thus, the earthquake disasters can be overwhelmed by effective land use planning. Keywords Earthquake catastrophe . Soil . Rock . Liquefaction . One-to-one observation
Introduction A conclusive judgment based on repeated observations can be respected as scientific. Each occasion of catastrophic earthquakes, particularly in Anatolia, has been observed since 1970. The author reached a common conclusion that buildings and the other civil engineering structures including bridges and tunnels constructed on/in rocky grounds have not been significantly affected by any earthquake in respective regions. Furthermore, no casualty has been observed. The main reason behind this is that a saturated rocky ground has (a) zero liquefaction potential, (b) million times higher modulus of
elasticity, (c) significantly higher strength including shear, compressive, and tensile strengths, (d) extremely low potential to create resonance in two-storey or taller buildings, and (e) extremely low risk of bedding fault. A simple solution to a well-defined complex problem is more reliable than an advanced solution to an undefined simple problem. The earthquake disaster comes out only in the fertile soil lands including soil and/or rock landslides because of the reasons shown in Table 1 (Yılmazer et al. 2004). The soil mantle in seismically active region is enriched in mineral and becomes fertile. Moreover, a slide area is characterized in
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