The Inclusive Society? Social exclusion and new labour
The idea of social exclusion is part of the new political language. When Labour came into government in 1997, it launched the Social Exclusion Unit to pursue this central theme. But what exactly does social inclusion mean? This revised and updated edition
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Also by Ruth Levitas THE IDEOLOGY OF THE NEW RIGHT (editor) THE CONCEPT OF UTOPIA INTERPRETING OFFICIAL STATISTICS (editor with Will Guy) POVERTY AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION IN BRITAIN (editor with Christina Pantazis and David Gordon)
The Inclusive Society? Social Exclusion and New Labour Second Edition Ruth Levitas Professor of Sociology University of Bristol
ª Ruth Levitas 1998, 2005 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted her right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First Edition published 1998 Second Edition published 2005 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries.
ISBN 978-1-4039-4427-6 ISBN 978-0-230-51155-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230511552 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05
In memory of my father, Maurice Levitas. No pasara´n!
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Contents Preface to the Second Edition
ix
Preface to the First Edition
xiii
List of Abbreviations
xv
Introduction
1
1 Three Discourses of Social Exclusion
7
2 From Social Justice to Social Cohesion
29
3 The Optimism of Will
49
4 Staking Claims
70
5 Community Rules
89
6 New Labour, New Discourse
112
7 From Equality to Inclusion
128
8 Delivering Social Inclusion
159
9 The New Durkheimian Hegemony
178
10 From Margins to Mainstream
190
Appendix
235
Notes
237
Select Bibliography
261
Index
269
vii
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Preface to the Second Edition The first edition of this book went to press in January 1998, less than a year into the first term of the first New Labour government. Much of the research focused on the ideological and policy developments preceding the 1997 election. The second edition will go to press in the autumn of 2004, probably towards the end of the second term of Blair’s premiership, but before publication of the draft man
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