The role of Proteus mirabilis cell wall features in biofilm formation
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ORIGINAL PAPER
The role of Proteus mirabilis cell wall features in biofilm formation Grzegorz Czerwonka1 · Anna Guzy1 · Klaudia Kałuz˙a1 · Michalina Grosicka2 · Magdalena Dan´czuk3 · Łukasz Lechowicz1 · Dawid Gmiter1 · Paweł Kowalczyk4 · Wiesław Kaca1
Received: 28 February 2016 / Revised: 13 May 2016 / Accepted: 25 May 2016 / Published online: 4 June 2016 © The Author(s) 2016. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com
Abstract Biofilms formed by Proteus mirabilis strains are a serious medical problem, especially in the case of urinary tract infections. Early stages of biofilm formation, such as reversible and irreversible adhesion, are essential for bacteria to form biofilm and avoid eradication by antibiotic therapy. Adhesion to solid surfaces is a complex process where numerous factors play a role, where hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions with solid surface seem to be substantial. Cell surface hydrophobicity and electrokinetic potential of bacterial cells depend on their surface composition and structure, where lipopolysaccharide, in Gram-negative bacteria, is prevailing. Our studies focused on clinical and laboratory P. mirabilis strains, where laboratory strains have determined LPS structures. Adherence and biofilm formation tests revealed significant differences between strains adhered in early stages of biofilm formation. Amounts of formed biofilm were expressed by the absorption of crystal violet. Higher biofilm amounts were formed by the strains with more negative values of zeta potential. In contrast, high cell surface hydrophobicity correlated with low biofilm amount. Communicated by Erko Stackebrandt. * Grzegorz Czerwonka [email protected] 1
Department of Microbiology, Jan Kochanowski University, S´wie˛tokrzyska 15, 25‑406 Kielce, Poland
2
Department of Biobanking and Scientific Research, The Regional Science and Technology Center, Podzamcze 45, 26‑060 Che˛ciny, Poland
3
Faculty of Environmental, Geomatic and Energy Engineering, Kielce University of Technology, al. Tysia˛clecia Pan´stwa Polskiego 7, 25‑314 Kielce, Poland
4
Bionicum LTD, Chełmska 21, 00‑724 Warsaw, Poland
Keywords Proteus mirabilis · Biofilm · Cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) · Microbial adherence to hydrocarbons (MATH) · Electrokinetic potential · Epifluorescence microscopy
Introduction Proteus mirabilis is one of the causes of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs). Ability to grow in the form of biofilm seems to be one of the most important virulence factors of P. mirabilis (Jacobsen et al. 2008). Biofilm is a complex structure formed by a single- or multi-species community of bacteria. Microorganisms in biofilm are surrounded by a self-produced extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). Five steps of biofilm formation are mentioned in literature, following: (1) reversible and (2) irreversible adhesion, (3) microcolony formation, (4) maturation of the biofilm, and (5) dispersion of the bacteria (Myszka and Czaczyk 2011). Biofilm formation is one of the important patho
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