The roles of osteocytes in alveolar bone destruction in periodontitis
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Journal of Translational Medicine Open Access
REVIEW
The roles of osteocytes in alveolar bone destruction in periodontitis Xiaofei Huang1,2, Mengru Xie1,2, Yanling Xie1,2, Feng Mei1,2, Xiaofeng Lu1,2, Xiaoshuang Li1,2* and Lili Chen1,2*
Abstract Periodontitis, a bacterium-induced inflammatory disease that is characterized by alveolar bone loss, is highly prevalent worldwide. Elucidating the underlying mechanisms of alveolar bone loss in periodontitis is crucial for understanding its pathogenesis. Classically, bone cells, such as osteoclasts, osteoblasts and bone marrow stromal cells, are thought to dominate the development of bone destruction in periodontitis. Recently, osteocytes, the cells embedded in the mineral matrix, have gained attention. This review demonstrates the key contributing role of osteocytes in periodontitis, especially in alveolar bone loss. Osteocytes not only initiate physiological bone remodeling but also assist in inflammation-related changes in bone remodeling. The latest evidence suggests that osteocytes are involved in regulating bone anabolism and catabolism in the progression of periodontitis. The altered secretion of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL), sclerostin and Dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK1) by osteocytes affects the balance of bone resorption and formation and promotes bone loss. In addition, the accumulation of prematurely senescent and apoptotic osteocytes observed in alveolar bone may exacerbate local destruction. Based on their communication with the bloodstream, it is noteworthy that osteocytes may participate in the interaction between local periodontitis lesions and systemic diseases. Overall, further investigations of osteocytes may provide vital insights that improve our understanding of the pathophysiology of periodontitis. Keywords: Osteocyte, Periodontitis, RANKL, Sclerostin, Senescence, Apoptosis Introduction Periodontitis is a complicated, multifaceted process that results in the disorganization of the underlying ligament and alveolar bone. Studies on the mechanisms of periodontitis have always focused on alveolar bone loss, especially the function of osteoclasts and osteoblasts in this process. However, the past few years have witnessed a substantial increase in our understanding of the capacities of osteocytes, and the notion that they are in a state of inactivity has been rejected. An increasing number of studies have revealed a key role of osteocytes in physiological and pathological skeletal events, including *Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] † Xiaofei Huang and Mengru Xie contributed equally to this work 1 Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
periodontitis. The intention of this review is to summarize the role of osteocytes in the remodeling of alveolar bone in periodontitis on the basis of existing evidence in order to provide new insights for f
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