The Structure of Intelligence A New Mathematical Model of Mind
0. 0 Psychology versus Complex Systems Science Over the last century, psychology has become much less of an art and much more of a science. Philosophical speculation is out; data collection is in. In many ways this has been a very positive trend. Cognitiv
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Ben Goertzel
The Structure of Intelligence A New Mathematical Model of Mind
Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest
Ben Goertzel, Ph.D., Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nevada at Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4020, USA
With 6 figures. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Goertzel, Ben. The structure of intelligence: a new mathematical model of mind IBen Goertzel. p. cm. ISBN-13: 978-0-387-94004-5 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-4336-6 001: 10.1007/978-1-4612-4336-6
1. Intellect-Mathematical models. 2. Intellect-Computer simulation. 3. Philosophy of mind. 4. Cognitive science. I. Title. BF431.G62 1993 153-dc20 92-44224 Printed on acid-free paper.
© 1993 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. Reprint of the original edition 1993 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc., in this publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone.
Production managed by Francine McNeill; manufacturing supervised by Jacqui Ashri. Copy prepared from the author's WordPerfect file using Ventura Publisher. 987654321 ISBN 0-387-94004-9 Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg ISBN 3-540-94004-9 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York
To Zar and Gwumbldy
The universe is a labyrinth made of labyrinths. Each leads to another. And wherever we cannot go ourselves, we reach with mathematics. --Stanislaw Lem, Fiasco
Contents
o. INTRODUCTION 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3
Psychology versus Complex Systems Science Mind and Computation Synopsis Mathematics, Philosophy, and Science
1. MIND AND COMPUTATION 1.0 Rules 1.1 Stochastic and Quantum Computation 1.2 Computational Complexity 1.3 Network, Program, or Network of Programs?
1 1 3
4 7
9 9 12 14 18
2. OPTIMIZATION 2.0 Thought as Optimization 2.1 Monte Carlo and MuItistart 2.2 Simulated Annealing 2.3 Multilevel Optimization
23 23 24
3. QUANTIFYING STRUCTURE 3.0 Algorithmic Complexity 3.1 Randomness 3.2 Pattern 3.3 Meaningful Complexity 3.4 Structural Complexity
31 31 34
26 27
38
47
50
4. INTELLIGENCE AND MIND 4.0 The Triarchic Theory of Intelligence 4.1 Intelligence as Flexible Optimization 4.2 Unpredictability 4.3 Intelligence as Flexible Optimization, Revisited 4.4 Mind and Behavior vii
56 56 60
62 64
66
viii
Contents
5. INDUCTION 5.0 Justifying Induction 5.1 The Tendency to Take Habits 5.2 Toward a General Induction Algorithm 5.3 Induction, Probability,
